Module 12- Qualitative Research Flashcards
1
Q
Methodology
A
- the methods we use to acquire the knowledge
2
Q
Epistemology determines
A
- methodology
- the way of knowing (epistemology) determines how we gather the knowledge (methodology)
3
Q
Positivism
A
- specific type of epistemology
- based on the natural science model
- belief that the truth objectively exists and want to determine universal causal laws
- knowledge can be gathered by the scientific model and empirically observed
- quantitative data
- determine cause and effect
4
Q
Chosen methodology for positivists is
A
- experimental method
- want to determine cause
-control the IV and random assignment
5
Q
Positivists believe
A
- science is objective and value free
- using the scientific method we can objectively as unbiasedly access the truth
6
Q
what reasoning do positivist use
A
Deductive Reasoning
7
Q
Critics of positivists
A
- no such thing as truly objective research
- researcher cannot objectively access the truth
- everyone including the researcher is inherently biased
8
Q
Post Positivism
A
- believes the object truth does exists
- but we can only approximate that reality and never truly attain our goal
- assumes there is inherent bias
ex. believe the apple is the object truth, but we cannot truly pick the apple. but we can get close using mulitple methods - rely on deductive reasoning
9
Q
Triangulate
A
- used in post positivism
- using multiple researchers and multiple methods approximate the objective truth/ reality
10
Q
Critiques of positivism and post positivism
A
- both are flawed for examining psychological phenomena because humans are not like the objects in natural science
- using these methods researchers have neglected people have reasons for acting the way they do and attach meanings to their actions
- humans behaviours are not objective but more subjective
11
Q
Post Modernists/ Social Constructionists
A
- emphasize the meaning people attach to their experiences rather than causal laws
- believe knowledge is socially constructed and continuously being reconstructed
- no object reality of psychological aspects
- gain holistic understanding by seeing the knowledge through the eyes of the participant
- focuses on subjective means rather than objective realities
12
Q
Primary means of constructing socially shared knowledge is through
A
- language
13
Q
Social constructionists use
A
- Qualitative Data
- letting participants share their own experiences with the phenomenon under study
14
Q
what bias do social constructionists acknowledge
A
- research bias
- researcher is acknowledged as another participant who is co creating the results with the participants (co- participants in the process)
15
Q
Qualitative Research
A
- believe there is not one object reality but multiple subjective realities ^ use multiple methods
- different individuals who experience the same phenomenon attach different meanings to them
16
Q
Linear Research Process
A
- used by positivists
- develop a hypothesis, design method, gather data, analyze data, make conclusion about hypothesis
17
Q
Cyclic Research Process
A
- used in qualitative research
- they have a guiding question that they refine as they analyze and collect data
18
Q
Bracketing
A
- used in qualitative research
- researchers will keep extensive notes regarding reactions to the data, findings, research
- research keeps on reflecting on the research process and the biases
- theses reflections are used in the final report
19
Q
qualitative data is always collected in
A
- the field
- no manipulation of the variables
- researchers are interested in peoples experiences with the issue under study
20
Q
Power stance bw researcher and participant in qualitative research is
A
- minimized
- both are seen as being in an equal, reciprocal relationship
21
Q
sample size and qualitative research
A
- small sample
22
Q
qualitative research is not concern with
A
- generalizing the findings to a larger population or cause and effect laws
- want to represent diverse experiences with the phenomenon
23
Q
Saturation
A
- qualitative data will keep recruiting participants until the data has become saturated
- meaning no new themes are emerging
24
Q
Saturation is more important than
A
- statistical significance
- generalizability
25
what type of reasoning does qualitative research use
- inductive reasoning
26
beliefs about hypothesis in qualitative research
- hypotheses are not used in qualitative research like in quantitative
- believe a hypothesis will bias the researcher and won't be as open minded to other themes that may emerge
- lead to important aspects being unobserved
27
deductive reasoning used for
- testing theories
- generating a hypothesis from theories and testing that hypothesis to therefore test the theory
28
qualitative researchers want to
- develop theories therefore they use inductive reasoning
29
Grounded theory approach/ grounded theorizing
- used by qualitative researchers
- used to develop theories from the data
- develop theories "grounded" in the data
30
Participant Observation
- used to collect qualitative data
- researcher becomes personally familiar with the phenomenon under study
- researcher joins the group for an extended period of time
- build good rapport with participants
- be unbiased in observations
- need accurate filed notes
31
Interview Methods
- most common qualitative data collection method
- obtain in depth personal experiences
32
requirements for interviewer methods
- need good interviewing skill and rapport with the participant
- Probe participants to elaborate; helps draw out the meaning participants attach to experiences
- observation skills; non verbal behaviours of the participants can be informative
- honour the participants and be unbiased, no judgement
33
Focus Group
- Type of Interview Method
- discussion with a group of individuals who all have experience with that issue
- interviewer observes interactions between group members and notes attitudes, opinions ...
34
Advantages of Focus Groups
- involves more than one participant
- group conversation can reveal aspects individual interviews don't
-utilizes group dynamics
- gather data from individuals who share the same experiences
35
Drawbacks of Focus Groups
- controlling individuals who dominate the conversations
- don't want a group for very sensitive or personal topic. only if the group is already pre formed
36
how do we judge the quality of quantitative research?
- reliability and validity
- but this is inappropriate to use these when judging the quality of qualitative research because they assume an objective truth
37
to judge the quality of qualitative data, all the criteria collectively strive for
- trustworthiness
38
who developed the criteria for judging the quality of qualitative research?
- Lincoln and Guba
- developed all the indices to establish trustworthiness
39
Indices to establish trustworthiness
1. Credibility
2. Dependability
3. Transferability
4. Confirmability
40
Credibility
- extent to which findings make sense to the participants
- has the researcher accurately described the participants experiences
- the researcher will often take the results back to the participant to see if the results make sense to the participant
- compared to validity in quantitative research
41
Dependability
- documenting the research process
- documenting the data collection, analysis, importance decisions...
- involves an audit trail
42
Audit Trail
- used to meet the criteria of dependability
- involves extensive field notes, reflexive journalling...
- participants or other researchers should be able to audit our process; to make sure our decisions are logical and traceable
- compared to reliability in quantitative research
43
Transferability
- refers to generalizability
- but broad generalizations are not required in qualitative research
- compared to external validity in quantitive research
44
Confirmability
- concerned with researchers findings are derived from the data and not subject to bias
- confirmability is established when credibility, dependability and transferability all are achieved
- audit trail is central
- compared to objectivity in quantitive research
