Module 13: Viruses, Viroids, and Prions Flashcards
1
Q
Virus is Latin for
A
Poison
2
Q
What is the term for a group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche?
A
Viral species
3
Q
What was the first virus to be studied?
A
Tobacco mosaic virus
4
Q
What type of microscope must be used to study viruses?
A
Electron microscope
5
Q
What is the term for a completely developed viral particle?
A
Virion
6
Q
Morbidity means
A
Sickness
7
Q
Mortality means
A
Death
8
Q
What is the term for the study of viruses?
A
Virology
9
Q
What type of viruses can mutate and cause cancer?
A
Oncogenic viruses
10
Q
What is a capsid?
A
The protein coat the surrounds the virus’ genetic material
11
Q
Capsids are made of individual
A
Capsomeres
12
Q
Where is the viral envelope found?
A
Outside the capsid
13
Q
What structures of a virus help it attach to a host cell?
A
Spike proteins
14
Q
What virus is responsible for 5-10% of upper respiratory infections in children, is non enveloped, and has a DNA genome?
A
Adenovirus
15
Q
Does herpes have an envelope?
A
Yes
16
Q
Does chicken pox have an envelope?
A
Yes
17
Q
Does mononucleosis have an envelope?
A
Yes
18
Q
Does West Nile virus have an envelope?
A
Yes
19
Q
Does rabies have an envelope?
A
Yes
20
Q
Does Hepatitis C have an envelope?
A
Yes
21
Q
Does Influenza have an envelope?
A
Yes
22
Q
Do mumps have an envelope?
A
Yes
22
Q
Do measles have an envelope?
A
Yes
23
Q
Does HIV have an envelope?
A
Yes
24
How is viral morphology determined?
Shape of the capsid
25
Name 3 viruses that have a helical capsid morphology
Ebola virus, rabies virus, and Influenza
26
What are the 3 types of capsid morphology?
Helical, polyhedral, and complex
27
What does icosahedron mean?
A polyhedral virus having 20 sides
28
What is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in the US?
Noroviruses
29
West nile, norovirus, adenovirus, poliovirus, HHV, and Zika virus are all examples of what capsid morphology?
Icosahedron
30
Give 2 examples of viruses that have a complex capsid morphology
Bacteriophages and pox viruses
31
What two conditions can pox virus cause?
Smallpox and cowpox
32
What virus is used to immunize against smallpox?
Vaccinia virus
33
What percentage of the US population suffers from a viral disease each year?
90%
34
What are the 5 steps in viral replication?
Attachment, entry/penetration, uncoating, biosynthesis, release
35
What part of the virus will connect with the receptor of the surface of the host cell?
Capsid spike
36
What are the two replication cycles that viruses can perform?
Lytic and Lysogenic
37
Describe the lytic cycle
Virus infects a cell, reproduces, and the cell dies when the virus is released
38
Describe the lysogenic cycle
Virus infects a cell, becomes part of the host cell's DNA, host cell replicates with viral genome still inside- eventually one of those cells will enter the lytic cycle
39
All viruses can reproduce via the ______ cycle but only some can reproduce via the ________ cycle
Lytic; lysogenic
40
What did Esther Lederberg discover?
The lysogenic method of replication
41
What toxin is produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae?
Diphtheria toxin
42
What toxin is produced by Streptococcus pyogenes?
Erythrogenic toxin
43
What toxin is produced by Clostridium botulinum?
Botulinum toxin
44
What toxin is produced by Vibrio cholerae?
Cholera toxin
45
What are the two methods that viruses can use to penetrate a host cell?
Endocytosis and membrane fussion
46
How to naked viruses exit a cell?
Lysis or exocytosis
47
How to enveloped viruses exit a cell?
Budding
48
What is the difference between the way a DNA virus replicated vs a RNA virus?
DNA viruses must go through replication, transcription, and translation
RNA viruses must only complete translation
49
What is the name of the enzyme that retroviruses rely on to help them turn their RNA into DNA?
Reverse transcriptase
50
What type of virus is and RNA virus and transforms its RNA into bacterial DNA?
Retrovirus
51
What method do we use to culture viruses in the lab?
Plaque method on a solid culture medium
52
What is the term for meaning "in a living organism?"
In vivo
53
What is the term for meaning "not in a living organism?"
In vitro
54
What is the most common method of animal virus cultivation?
Cell culture
55
What are the three formations of cell lines that animal viruses can be cultured in?
Primary, diploid, and continuous
56
What are the famous cells that came a woman with cervical cancer?
HeLa cells
57
How will transformed or infected cells will grow?
In a pile
58
What do we look for under a microscope to know that there is viral growth?
Cytopathic effects
59
What is the term for when multiple host cells fuse and create one big cell with multiple nuclei?
Syncytia
60
The presence of _______ _______ can indicate that a virus has replicated
Inclusion bodies
61
What are the 3 methods used to detect a virus in a clinical sample?
PCR, FA technique, and Serology
62
What are the y-shaped proteins that bind to antigens?
Antibodies
63
What type of virus causes Burkitt's lymphoma?
Epstein Barr Virus
64
Where is EBV most common?
West africa
65
What virus causes lymph nodes, affected jaw, and can affect the nervous system?
Epstein Barr virus (EBV)
66
What virus can cause vaginal warts and cervical cancer?
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
67
What is the term for a virus that can stay dormant in the body and present at a later time?
Latent virus
68
What virus causes chickenpox?
Varicella zoster virus (VZV)
69
What is the latent form of VZV?
Shingles
70
What is the new shingles vaccine that can be given at age 50?
Shingrix
71
What is the latent virus that can affect the mouth (causing cold sores) or the genitals (causing genital sores)?
Simplex virus (HHV)
72
What strain of the simplex virus affects the mouth?
HHV-1
73
What strain of the simplex virus affects the genitals?
HHV-2
74
Measles is also known as
Rubeola
75
German measles is also known as
Rubella
76
Which strain of measles is more severe?
Rubeola
77
What are the spots found in the mouth that are caused by Rubeola?
Koplik's spots
78
How is measles transmitted?
Respiratory droplets
79
What is the term meaning that enough people have been vaccinated that case numbers are low enough that some people do not need to be vaccinated?
Herd immunity
80
What is R0?
The number of new cases that stem from one infected individual- tells the reproductive rate of a virus
81
If the R0 value is higher, the threshold for herd immunity must be ______
Higher
82
What are the 2 parts of the Influenza virus?
H and N
83
What does the H in the Influenza virus type stand for?
Hemagglutinin
84
What does the N in the Influenza virus type stand for?
Neuraminidase
85
What is the circular RNA molecule with single and double stranded sections that typically only infects animals?
Viroid
86
What is the only condition in humans known to be caused partially by a viroid?
Hepatitis D
87
What is the term for abnormally folded proteins that can cause disease?
Prions
88
Where are prion diseases commonly found?
In the brain
89
What is the condition that shows holes in the brain tissue?
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
90
What is the most common type of spongiform disease?
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
91
What is the only way to kill a prion?
Very high heat incineration
92
93
What is the term for when phage DNA is incorporated into the host cell's DNA?
lysogeny
