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Advanced Med Anat > Module 19 - Urinary System > Flashcards

Module 19 - Urinary System Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the location of the the kidneys.

A

Retroperitoneal
T11/12 and L1/2
*the R kidney is slightly lower than the L b/c of the liver

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2
Q

On average, how much urine can the bladder hold?

A

700-800 ml

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3
Q

osmoles

A

the number of osmotically active particles in a given volume

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4
Q

mole

A

6.02 x 10^23

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5
Q

Organs of the Urinary System

A

kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra

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6
Q

7 Functions of the Urinary System

A

regulate electrocytes, blood pH, blood volume, BP
maintains blood concentration (osmolarity)
excrete wastes
produce and release hormones

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7
Q

How does the urinary system contribute to blood pH?

A

secretes H+ into the urine and returns HCO3- back to the blood

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8
Q

How does the urinary system contribute to BP?

A

conserves or eliminates Na+ and urine

where goes Na+, so goes H2O

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9
Q

How does the urinary system contribute to blood osmolarity?

A

controls the concentration of blood

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10
Q

What are 2 hormones produced by the urinary system?

A

Calcitriol and Erytropoietin (EPO)

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11
Q

What is calcitriol?

A

Active Vitamin D

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12
Q

What does calcitriol do?

A

helps increase calcium levels

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13
Q

What are some things excreted in urine?

A 
ammonia
urea
bilirubin
creatinine
uric acid
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14
Q

From deep to superficial, what are the 3 layers of the kidneys?

A

renal capsule
adipose capsule
renal fascia

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the renal capsule?

A

protect and maintain kidney shape

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the adipose capsule?

A

protect and maintain position of the kidney

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17
Q

What is the purpose of the renal fascia?

A

anchors the kidney to the abdominal wall

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18
Q

Cortex

A

outer portion of the kidney

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19
Q

Renal Columns

A

portions of the cortex extending down between the renal pyramids

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20
Q

Medulla

A

The center of the kidneys comprised of the renal pyramids

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21
Q

Renal Papillae

A

the apex of a renal pyramid

drains into calyces

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22
Q

Nephrons

A

functional unit of the kidney

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23
Q

Approximately how many nephrons does a single kidney have?

A

~1 million

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24
Q

About how many nephrons can you loose before becoming symptomatic?

A

~80-85%

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25
Path or Urine Drainage
``` collecting duct papillary duct minor calyx major calyx renal pelvis ureter bladder urethra ```
26
Renal Blood Flow
``` Abdominal Aorta Renal Artery Segmental Arteries Interlobar Arteries Arcuate Arteries Interlobular Arteries Afferent Arterioles Gomerular Capillaires Efferent Arterioles Peritubular Capillaries Inerlobular Veins Arcuate Veins Interlobar Veins (*NO Segmental Vein) Renal Vein Inferior Vena Cava ```
27
Which is smaller, the Afferent or Efferent Arteriole? Why?
The EFFERENT is smaller to increase pressure and help w/ filtration and volume difference
28
What are the 2 sets of capillaries in the kidneys?
Glomerular Capillaries | Peritubular Capillaries
29
Which feature do the peritubular capillaries include?
The vasa recta in juxtamedullary nephrons.
30
What are the 2 main groups of structures in a nephron?
renal corpuscle | renal tubules
31
What does the renal corpuscle consist of?
glomerulus (gomerular capillaries) | sourrounded the glomerular capsule (AKA Bowman's Capsule)
32
What is the renal corpuscle's main function?
to filter
33
What is the main role of renal tubules?
to modify filtrate
34
What was the old name for the Glomerular Capsule?
Bowman's Capsule
35
Name the parts of the Renal Tubules.
``` Proximal Convoluted Tubule Descending Limb Nepron Loop (Loop of Henle) Ascending Limb Distal Convoluted Tubule ```
36
What are the 2 types of nephrons?
Cortical (80-85%) | Juxtamedullary (15-20%)
37
What is the main physical difference between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons?
The majority of a cortical nephron is in the cortex and the nephron loop only extends a short distance into the medulla while the nephron loop of a juxtamedullary nephron extends deep into the medulla.
38
What is the function of the long loops of juxtamedullary nephrons
to concentrate urine | save H2O for the body
39
Difference in fluid flow between a cortical and juxtamedullry nephron
``` GLOMERULAR CAPSULE PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE DESCENDING LIMB Ascending Limb (cortical) *Thin Ascending Limb (juxtamedullary) *Thick Ascending Limb (juxtamedullary) DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE ```
40
What structure of the nephron filters blood?
the Renal Corpuscle | glomerulus + glomerular capsule
41
About how much urine does the human body create per day?
~1-1.5 L/day
42
About how much filtrate does the human body create per day?
180 L/day
43
Which two structures come together to form the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
the ascending limb of the nephron loop and the afferent arteriole
44
macula densa
densely packed columnar cells in the ascending nephron loop next to the afferent arteriole
45
juxtagolmerular cells location
specialized smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole
46
juxtaglomerular cell function
specialized smooth muscle cells controlling vessel diameter
47
3 primary renal functions
Glomerular Filtration Tubular Reabsorption Tubular Secretion
48
Where does glomerular filtration occur?
The renal corpuscle
49
Where does tubular reabsorption take place?
the tubules
50
Where does tubular secretion take place?
the tubules
51
What is the result of glomerular filtration?
glomerular filtrate
52
What does tubular reabsorption do?
returns important substances to the blood
53
What does tubular secretion do?
transports substances from the bloodstream into the filtrate
54
From deep to superficial, what are the 3 layers of the filtration membrane?
endothelium of the glomerular capillaries basal lamina podocytes
55
What type of capillaries are the glomerular capillaries?
fenestrated
56
Why are the glomerular capillaries fenestrated?
to make them more permeable
57
What type of tissue is the basal lamina
connective tissue
58
What are the foot-processes of podocytes?
pedicels
59
What are the small spaces between the pedicels of podocytes called?
filtration slits
60
What can control the permeability of the glomerular membrane?
the size of the filtration slits
61
What does the endothelium of the capillaries allow to pass?
fluid and solutes (H2O, ions, glucose, urea)
62
What does the endothelium of the glomerular capillaries not allow to pass?
formed elements
63
What does the basal lamina and podocytes prevent from entering the filtrate?
proteins
64
The Primary Force Pushing Fluids & Solutes through the Glomerular Membrane
Capillary Blood Pressure
65
GFR
the amount of glomerular filtrate formed each minute
66
average GFR of a person
115 ml/min
67
What are the 3 pressures contributing to net-filtration
Glomerular Blood Hydrostatic Pressure (GBHP) Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP) Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP)
68
Does GBHP (Glomerular Blood Hydrostatic Pressure) favor or oppose filtration
favor | +55mmHg
69
Does CHP (Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure) favor or oppose filtration?
oppose | -15mmHg
70
Does BCOP (Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure) favor or oppose filtration?
oppose | -30mmHg
71
What is the GBHP?
Glomerular Blood Hydrostatic Pressure | Renal BP
72
What is the CHP?
Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure | Pressure from accumulated Filtrate in the Glomerular Capsule
73
What is BCOP?
Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure | Osmotic Pressure from Formed Elements and Proteins in the Blood
74
What happens if the filtration pressure decreases?
less urine is produced
75
Net Filtration Pressure Formula
Net Filtration Pressure = GBHP - CHP - BCOP | 10 = 55 - 15 -30
76
What happens if GFR is too low?
waste builds up in the blood
77
What happens if GFR is too high?
tubules may not have adequate time to reabsorb essential nutrients
78
What are the 3 Mechanisms used to Regulate GFR?
Renal Autoregulation Neural Regulation Hormonal Regulation
79
What are the 2 Mechanisms involved with Renal Autoregulation?
Myogenic Mechanism | Tubuloglomerular Feedback
80
Myogenic Mechanism
If BP is too high, the afferent arteriole can constrict to reduce blood flow to the glomerulus and in turn reduce GFR.
81
What controls the Tubuloglomerular Feedback?
the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
82
How does the Tubuloglomerular Feedback work?
1) the Macula Densa Cells detect increased Na+, Cl-, and H2O * Na+, Cl-, and H2O would be too high if GFR were too high and not allowing proper time to reabsorb 2) the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus inhibits the release of the NT Nitric Oxide (NO) which is a potent vasodilator 3) Waste builds up in the cells
83
Describe the Neural Regulation of GFR
The sympathetic NS decreases SLUDD Afferent and Efferent Arterioles constrict under influence of Norepinephrine = less blood flow to the glomerulus = decreased GFR
84
What are the 2 main hormones involved with Hormonal Regulation of GFR?
``` Angiotensin II (potent vasoconstrictor of the RAAS) Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) ```
85
Where is Atrial Natriuretic Peptide produced?
the atria of the heart
86
What stimulates the production of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide?
Increased Blood Volume
87
What is the affect of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide on the urinary system?
glomerular cells relax afferent arteriole dilates GFR increases (= increased water and electrolytes goes into the urine, decreasing blood volume and BP)
88
What is glomerular filtrate?
Blood - (Formed Elements + Majority of Plasma Proteins)
89
What %age of plasma proteins become part of the filtrate?
16-20%
90
What is filtration based on?
particle size
91
What transport mechanisms are utilized to facilitate reabsorption?
osmosis active transport diffusion facilitated diffusion

Advanced Med Anat (4 decks)

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