MODULE 1A: Anatomy And Histology Of Respiratory System Flashcards
(170 cards)
1
Q
Rhin/o
Nas/o
A
Nose
2
Q
Sapt/o
A
Partition
3
Q
Sinus/o
A
Cavity/hallow space
4
Q
Pharyng/o
A
Pharynx
5
Q
Adenoid/o
A
Adenoids
6
Q
Or/o
A
Mouth
7
Q
tonsill/o
A
Tonsil
8
Q
Laryng/o
A
Larynx (voicebox)
9
Q
Bronch/o
A
Bronchus (bronchi)
10
Q
Bronchiol/o
A
Bronchioles
11
Q
Alveol/o
A
Alveolus
12
Q
Pneum/o pneumothorax Pneumat/o pneumatocele Pneumon/o
pneumonitis Pulmon/o
pulmonary
Mean what?
A
Lungs
13
Q
Pleur/o
A
Pleura
14
Q
Diaphragmat/o
A
Digaphram
15
Q
Mediastin/o
A
Mediastinum
16
Q
Thorac/o
A
Chest
17
Q
Pneumon/o
A
Lung
18
Q
Pan-
A
All/total
19
Q
Poly-
A
Many/much
20
Q
Tachy-
A
Fast/rapid
21
Q
Eu-
A
Normal/good
22
Q
-thorax
A
Chest
23
Q
-centesis
A
Surgical puncture to aspirate fluid
24
Q
-scopy
A
Visual examination
25
-cele
Hernia, protrusion
26
-ole
Small
27
-algia
Pain
28
-ectasis
Dilation, expansion
29
-pexy
Surgical fixation
30
-rrhegia
Rapid flow of blood
31
-tomy
Cut into/incision
32
-stomy
Creation of artificial opening
33
-stenosis
Constriction
34
-spasm
Spasmodic contraction
35
-scopy
Visual examination
36
-pnea
Breathing
37
Acetylcholine
acetyl-: pertains to Acetyl group an acetyl group is a functional group with the formula COCH₃
-choline: a nutrient and organic compound that is a component of many biological molecules and is essential for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
38
Norepinephrine
nor-: This prefix comes from the chemical nomenclature and
indicates a demethylated form of a compound. In this context, "nor-" means that the molecule is the next
lower homolog of epinephrine, lacking a methyl group that is present in epinephrine.
•epi-: This prefix means "upon" or "above.“
•-ine: This is a common chemical suffix used to denote
substances, especially alkaloids or amines
39
Muscarinic
muscarin-: This root refers to muscarine, a naturally occurring compound found in certain mushrooms. Muscarine is notable for its ability to activate a specific type of acetylcholine receptor, which is why these receptors are called "muscarinic" receptors. •-ic: meaning "pertaining to" or "related to.“
40
Nicotinic
nicotin-: This root comes from nicotine, a chemical compound found in tobacco leaves. The term "nicotine" itself is derived from the tobacco plant's botanical name, Nicotiana. •-ic: meaning "pertaining to" or "related to"
41
Muscarinic
Found in both the peripheral and central nervous systems, particularly in organs innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system
42
Nicotinic
Primarily found in the central nervous system, at the neuromuscular junction, and in autonomic ganglia
43
Dys-
Difficulty
44
How many lobes make up the left and right lungs?
Left - 2 (superior, inferior)
Fissures: oblique
Right - 3 (superior, middle, inferior)
Fissures: oblique, horizontal
45
The right lung is shorter than the left. Why is this?
The liver sits under the right lung
46
Why is something more able to get stuck in the right primary bronchi?
B/c is it positioned more vertical
47
What respiratory system components make up the upper respiratiory tract?
• Nose
• Nasal cavities
• Sinuses
• Pharynx
• Larynx (down to vocal folds)
48
What respiratory system components make up the lower respiratiory tract?
Larynx (lower/below vocal folds)
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Bronchioles
• Lack cartilaginous support
• Alveoli
• Gas exchange
49
Label External Nose features and skeleton of external nose on slide 27 !!!
50
Nasal vanity extends from external nares to _______ .
_______ are openings into nasopharyngeal (@ posterior edge of hard palate and vomer)
Choanae
51
________, internally, corresponds to alae; contains sweat, sebaceous glands and hairs
Vestibule
52
Triangular in shape divided into two nasal
fossae by nasal septum. Each nasal fossa
consists of:
Floor: hard palate (maxillae + palatine bones)
Medial wall: septal cartilage, perpendicular plate
of ethmoid, vomer, nasal crests of maxillae &
palatine bones
Roof: nasal bone, frontal bone, cribiform plate,
body of sphenoid
Lateral nasal wall: worthy of its own slide…
53
Label lateral nasal wall on slide 29 !!!
54
ridge formed by lower edge of later nasal cartilages.
Separates vestibule from rest of nasal
fossae. Marks transition of epithelial
types
Limen nasi
55
midway between anterior end of middle concha & dorsum of
nose. Marks site of anterior ethmoid
air cells
Agger nasi
56
slight groove above
agger nasi. Leads to olfactory area
(mucosa) on roof of nasal cavity
Olfactory sulcus
57
usually 3 (or 4),
scroll-like elevations covered by
mucous membrane
• Inferior: largest, separate bone
• Middle: part of ethmoid
• Superior: part of ethmoid
• Supreme: inconsistent (~60%), part of
ethmoid
Conchae (turbinates)
58
Btw superior concha and body of sphenoid
Sphenoethmoidal recess
59
Interval btw lateral nasal wall and each conchae
Receives Latium of nasal lacromial duct
Meatuses
Inferior meatus
60
Middle meatus is composed of:
• Ethmoid bulla: marks position of ethmoid air cell.
Ostia of the air cells are on surface
• Uncinate process: sharp mucosa covered ridge lying
inferior & anterior to bulla.
• Semilunar hiatus: narros curved opening exiting the
infundibululm. Located between uncinated process
below and bulla above.
• Ethmoidal infundibulum: deep curved passage lying
deep to semilunar hiatus. Anterior-superior end
receives ostium of frontonasal duct (drains frontal
sinus). Also, usually receives ostium of maxillary sinus
just below semilunar hiatus (ostium bbeing the floor
of infundibulum)
• Frontal recess: anterior to semilunar hiatus. Receives
ostia of one or more ethmoid cells
61
receives ostia of posterior
ethmoid cells
Superior meatus
62
Blood supply of nose comes from ?
Kieselbach’s Plexus-
mainly sphenopalatine a. Minor supply via
nasal brs of superior labial a, ethmoidal brs of ophthalmic, greater palatine br of maxillary a
63
How many paranasal sinuses are there? Where are they located?
4 paired, lined by
respiratory mucosa
• Frontal : drains via
frontonasal duct and
ethmoid infundibulum
into middle meatus
• Ethmoid: drains via small
ducts into middle &
superior meatuses
• Sphenoid: drains into
sphenoethmoidal recess
• Maxillary: drains directly
or via infundibulum into
middle meatus
64
This structure extends from internal nares
(choanae) to free edge of soft
palate.
What are the borders (floor, lateral walls) that are clinically applicable with this structure?
Nasopharynx
• Floor: soft palate
• Lateral walls: contains pharyngeal
muscles & ostia of auditory tubes
(located on posterior lip of ostium
is torus tubarius, cartilaginous lip
of pharyngotympanic tube into
nasopharynx) ** clinical
application!
• No medial wall: posterior to border
of septum
• Roof: sphenoid bone & pharyngeal
tonsils (adenoids= hypertrophied
pharyngeal tonsils)
65
Adenoids is related to _______.
Clinically adenoids refers to what?
Dysnea (difficulty breathing)
Hypertrophy of the pharyngeal tonsils
66
Respiratory epithelium is a type of what epithelium?
What does it function to do?
Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with numerous goblet cells
Function:
a) To warm the inspired air- it has blood
vessels b) To trap small particles- it secretes
mucus c) To humidify the inspired air- it
secretes serum
67
Goblet cells do what?
Produce mucous
68
Lamina propria is rich in _____ ______ and serous and mucous glands
Blood vessels
**Lamina propria is loose connective tissue
69
There are four types of respiratory epithelium, what two are most commonly found?
MOST COMMON:
Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
Olfactory epithelium
3rd - non-keratinised stratified squamous found on the true vocal cords
70
In what three locations are olfactory epithelium found?
• Roof of nasal cavity, • Upper part of nasal septum and
• The superior turbinate
71
Olfactory epithelium is “pseudostratified” – made of
olfactory cells, supporting cells and basal cells
Contains olfactory cells/receptor cells, supporting cells, and basal cells
72
Bipolar nerve cells with nonmotile olfactory cilia that function as odor receptors
Olfactory cells/ receptor cell:
73
T or F
Supporting cells: Have many microvilli
T
74
What cell is located deeper in the epithelium, supported by a basal lamina, function as the stem cells for other cell types
Basal Cells
75
Serous glands present in the olfactory epithelium
Bowman glands
Found in connective tissue under olfactory epithelium. Bowman’s glands (serous gland) that secrete thin watery secretion (serum) to the surface via narrow ducts
• Dissolves substances of odor and flushes the epithelium, refreshes the receptors
for a new odor
76
What are the two zones of the respiratory system? Describe each.
Conducting zone
• The airways (nasal passages,
pharynx, larynx, trachea,
bronchii and terminal
bronchioles
* Deliver air to the respiratory
zone Respiratory zone
Respiratory zone
- Respirtory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- Alveolar sacs (4-5)
- Alveoli
*Carry out O2-CO2 exchange
77
The conducting zone (respiratory passages) aspects include?
Consists of nasal cavities, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and
bronchioles
• The conducting portion ends in terminal bronchioles • Function: to warm, moisten & filter the inhaled air before it enters the
respiratory zone
• Some parts of the conducting zone have alternate functions:
a) Olfactory mucosa: smell reception
b) Larynx: to generate sound (the vocal cords)
78
Three turbinates arise from the lateral walls
1) Superior turbinate: covered by _________ mucosa
2) Middle turbinate: covered with ___________mucosa
3) Inferior turbinate: covered with __________ mucosa
Olfactory
Respiratory
Respiratory
79
The nasal septum made of _________ cartilage
Core of turbinate is made of________ bone
Hyaline cartilage
Turbinate bone
80
Nasopharynx is lined by _________ ______
Lamina propria contains mucus and serous glands
• Submucosa of nasopharynx has large masses of lymphoid tissue, called
the __________ _______.
Respiratory epithelium
nasopharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)
81
Label Slide 60 !!!
A hollow muscular tube with hyaline and elastic catilages
Larynx
82
Typically, due to viral infection and is usually accompanied by edema or swelling
of the organ’s lamina propria.
• This changes the shape of the vocal folds or other parts of the larynx, producing
hoarseness or complete loss of voice .
Laryngitis
83
_____ _____ connects the three ends of the tracheal cartilage rings found in the trachea.
Trachealis muscle
84
T or F
The trachealis muscle is a type of skeletal muscle
F!
It is a type of smooth muscle
85
_____ _____ is a fibrous, elastic tissue between the rings of the trachea
Annular ligament
86
Mucosa is made of ______ _______ + ______ _______
respiratory epithelium+ lamina propria
87
Bronchopulmonary segments:
Segments are separated by thin connective tissue (septa), surgically resectable
___________ _________(from heart) - always accompanies the branching pattern of the bronchial tree
_______ ______ lie in the septa (between segments) and drain blood towards heart
_______ _______ also found between the segments
Pulmonary artery - deoxygenated
Pulmonary veins - oxygenated
Lymphatic vessels
88
Branching of the lungs in order:
The order of branching of the lungs refers to the hierarchical structure of airways that begin at the trachea and continue down to the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs. Here's the sequence:
Trachea
↓
Primary (Main) Bronchi – one to each lung (right and left)
↓
Secondary (Lobar) Bronchi – one to each lobe (3 on the right, 2 on the left)
↓
Tertiary (Segmental) Bronchi – supply bronchopulmonary segments
↓
Smaller Bronchi
↓
Bronchioles – no cartilage, smooth muscle present
↓
Terminal Bronchioles – last part of the conducting zone
↓
Respiratory Bronchioles – start of the respiratory zone (some gas exchange)
↓
Alveolar Ducts
↓
Alveolar Sacs
↓
Alveoli – site of gas exchange
89
T or F
As the respiratory tree branches the amount of hyaline cartilage is going to reduce
T
90
What structure of the respiratory tree has Respiratory epithelium with fewer goblet cells
Primary (main) bronchus
91
Look at slide 69-70 and be able to label ****
92
Similarities and differences between secondary (lobar) bronchus and primary (main) bronchus?
Both have respiratory epithelium
Secondary is filtering cleaner air - more narrow
Cartilage amount is also reducing from main to lobar
93
T or F
The tertiary (segmental) bronchus would be more prone to sticking together
T
Bc they are smaller
94
T or F
Terminal bronchiole is where the conducting zone terminates
T
95
What structure contains Columnar epithelium with fewer goblet cells, some Clara cells found in the epithelium and cartilage and submucosal glands
are absent
Terminal bronchiole (termination of the conducting zone)
**Terminla bronchiole is where you see complete LOSS of cartilage
96
Clara cells are found where and secrete a lipoprotein referred to as what?
Terminal bronchiole!!
Non-ciliated cells, with dome-shaped apical surface Secrete a lipoprotein (CC16)- similar to surfactant Also act as stem cells for bronchial epithelium
97
Respiratory bronchioles are the first in the respiratory zone __________ _______- no goblet cells, more clara cells
Cuboidal epithelium
98
Bronchiolitis Overview:
• Air passages are affected most often, especially in young children, by the measles virus or
adenovirus, both of which can cause bronchiolitis. • Mucus clogs the bronchioles • If persistent, the inflammation produced by either infection can lead to obliterative bronchiolitis,
complete or partial closure of the airway lumen due to fibrosis in the wall
99
Alveolar duct is a branch of________ _________
respiratory bronchiole
100
Alveolar duct ends in an __________ _____that opens into several alveoli
alveolar sac
101
What are the cellular structure, function and percentage make up of the Aveolar wall?
Pneumocyte type II (P2)
• 5% of surface area
• Rounded cells
• Produce surfactant- have
granular cytoplasm
• Can differentiate in to P1
and P2
Surface epithelium:
Pneumocyte type I (P1)
• 95% of surface area • Simple squamous
• Gaseous exchange • Amitotic
102
Name the supporting tissues of the alveolar wall.
Collagen, elastic fibers, fibroblasts
Extensive capillary plexus- walls made of endothelial cells
103
Describe the role of capillaries in the alveolar wall.
What is the role of endothelial cells of the capillaries?
• Receives blood from branches of
pulmonary artery
• After gas exchange —> deliver
oxygenated blood via pulmonary
vein —> to heart
* Basement membranes of the Endothelial cells of the capillaries and the Pneumocyte type I fuse
—- endothelial cells line the inner walls of the BV, including blood capillaries
104
What components make up the blood-air barrier?
P1- Pneumocyte type I
BM- basement membrane
E- Endothelial cell
105
Name the chronic lung disease is most commonly caused by cigarette smoking. ________ is characterized by the permanent destruction of alveolar structures, enlargement of the alveolar airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, and loss of elasticity of the lung tissue without obvious fibrosis.
Emphysema
106
As the respiratory tree branches into finer/smaller passages, the percentage of Goblet cells:
Remains the same.
First increases, then decreases.
Increases.
Decreases
Decreases
107
The trachealis muscle is a type of:
Smooth muscle.
Cardiac muscle.
Voluntary muscle.
Skeletal muscle.
Smooth muscle
108
Clara cells are the surfactant-producing cells of the alveoli.
A. Yes, they are the main surfactant producers.
B. No, goblet cells produce surfactant.
C. No, type II pneumocytes produce surfactant.
D. No, ciliated cells produce surfactant.
C
109
Tracheal cartilage is a type of:
A. Articular cartilage.
B. Hyaline cartilage.
C. Elastic cartilage.
D. Fibrocartilage.
B
110
Pulmonary vein branches along with the branching respiratory tree and is found adjacent to the air passages.
A. False; pulmonary arteries follow the airways, not the veins.
B. True only in the alveoli.
C. True only in the trachea.
D. True for all branches.
A
111
Asthma is a result of the enlargement of alveolar spaces due to destruction of alveolar walls.
A No, this describes bronchitis.
B. Yes, this is correct.
C. No, this describes emphysema.
D. No, this describes pneumonia..
C
112
Respiratory epithelium is found where respiration occurs, i.e., in the alveoli.
A. Yes, it lines the alveoli.
B Yes, throughout the respiratory tract.
C. No, only in the nasal cavity.
D. No, alveoli are lined by simple squamous epithelium.
D
113
The superior turbinate bone is covered with:
A. Stratified squamous epithelium.
B. Both olfactory and respiratory epithelium.
C. Olfactory epithelium.
D. Respiratory epithelium.
C
114
Olfactory epithelium is a type of:
A. Transitional epithelium.
B. Stratified squamous epithelium.
C. Simple squamous epithelium.
D. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
D
115
Goblet cells are commonly found in the respiratory epithelium.
A. Only in the alveoli.
B. Yes, they are common.
C. Only in the nasal cavity.
D. No, they are rare.
B
116
Type II pneumocytes are:
A. Responsible for gas exchange.
B. The main goblet cells in the alveoli.
C. The stem cells of the alveolar wall.
D. The main ciliated cells in the alveoli.
C
117
Olfactory cilia are:
A. Non-motile.
B. Motile.
C. Not present in humans.
D. Both motile and non-motile.
A
*look at downloaded PowerPoint for this
118
The trachea has _____-____ C-shaped hypoaline cartilaginous rings
15-20
119
Name the structure in major relation to the trachea.
Anteriorly, posteriorly, laterally
• Anteriorly: strenohyoid & sternothyroid, isthmus of thyroid
gland (ant. To 2 nd & 3rd rings), *thyroidea ima artery (if present, ~3-10%)
• Posteriorly: esophagus
• Laterally: lobes of thyroid gland (as low as 5 th or 6th tracheal
ring), carotid aa, recurrent laryngeal nn
120
Name the structure in major relation to the trachea in the thorax.
Anteriorly, R side, L side
• Anteriorly: remains of thymus, L BCV, origins of BCT & LCCA,
aortic arch, thyroidea ima*
• R side: pleura, R vagus, R BCV, SVC, root of azygos v.
• L side: L recurrent laryngeal n, arch of aorta, LCCA, L SCA
121
Name the structure in major relation to the tracheal bifurcation
• Into L and R primary bronchi @ sternal angle (T4/5 disc level)
• In living, during deep inspiration, may reach T6
• Carina= modified tracheal ring supporting bifurcation
• Arch of aorta pushes tracheal bifurcation slightly to R as it loops
over L primary bronchus
122
Locate and differentiate pleural cavity and pleural recesses.
Pleural cavity = potential space
between parietal pleura & visceral
(pulmonary) pleura. Contains pleural
fluid
Pleural recesses= reflections of parietal
pleura which provide for expansion of
lungs during respiration Costodiaphragmatic (costophrenic):
circumferential (horizontal) in angle
between thoracic wall and diaphragm • Costomediastinal: vertical, posterior to
sternum, between thoracic wall &
mediastinum
123
____________ __________ is located between
hilus & root of lung. Represents
reflection of mediastinal parietal
pleura onto lung
Pulmonary ligament
124
The ______ is the superior part
projects through
thoracic inlet ~1” above
clavicle
Apex
125
Which lung has a cardiac impression w/ cardiac notch?
L lung
126
How many segments (roughly) are there in the R and L branches of the lungs?
Bronchopulmonary segment: portion
of lung supplied with air from 3˚
(segmental) bronchus & subsequent brs
• R= 10 • L= 8-10 (refs vary)
127
The muscular portion of the respoiratory diaphragm are composed of what portions? 4 total
1. Sternal portion: arises from xiphoid process &
adjacent aponeirosis of transversus abdominis
2. Costal portion: from cartilage & bony surfaces
or ribs 7-12
3. Lumbar portion
—Arises from vertebral column as L & R crura
• Crura united by median arcuate ligament
• Aortic hiatus lies between crura
—Also arises from fascial thickenings termed:
• Lateral arcuate ligament: over QL
• Medial arcuate ligament: over psoas major
4. Tendinous portion (central tendon): point of
insertion for various peripheral mm
mentioned above
128
Major apertures in diaphragm
• T8= hiatus for IVC; terminal brs of R phrenic n
• T10= esophageal hiatus; R and L vagus nn
• T12= aortic hiatus; thoracic duct, azygos v* (azygos usually goes through R crus of diaphragm
129
tachypnea
shallow and rapid
130
dyspnea
labored breathing (difficult)
131
bradypnea
Slow
132
hyperpnea
Abnormally deep
133
What is the name of the tube connecting the throat to the lungs?
A. Larynx
B. Trachea
C. Pharynx
D. Esophagus
B
134
During exhalation, the diaphragm:
A. Relaxes
B. Remains still
C. Contracts
D. Expands
A
135
Which blood vessels surround the alveoli?
Arteries
Veins
Arterioles
Capillaries
Capillaries
136
How many lobes does the right lung have?
3
137
The epiglottis prevents food from entering the:
Esophagus
Lungs
Trachea
Stomach
Trachea
138
Which of the following is NOT part of the upper respiratory tract?
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Nasal cavity
Trachea
139
The fissure that separates the middle lobe from the superior lobe
Horizontal
Middle
Oblique
Lateral
Horizontal
140
Which of the following is NOT associated with the middle nasal meatus?
Semilunar hiatus
Ostia of maxillary sinus
Ostium of nasolacrimal duct
Ethmoid infundibulum
Ostium of nasolacrimal duct
141
Which of the following is associated with the limen nasi?
A. Alar cartilages
B. Ethmoid air cells
C. Septal cartilage
D. Choanae
A
142
The aorta passes through the aortic hiatus of the respiratory diaphragm at which vertebral level?
T6
T8
T12
T10
T12
143
The pleura is a:
A. Membrane surrounding the lungs
B. Muscle involved in breathing
C. Air sac in the lungs
D. Part of the throat
A
144
Which structure filters and moistens air as it is inhaled?
A. Nasal mucosa
B. Choanae
C. Limen nasi
D. Agger nasi
A
145
The lingula is a homologue of what structure?
A. Inferior lobe of right lung
B. Superior lobe of left lung
C. Superior lobe of right lung
D. Middle lobe of right lung
D
146
Which structure connects the pharynx to the trachea?
A. Alveoli
B. Larynx
C Bronchi
D. Esophagus
B
147
Which part of the brain controls breathing?
Medulla oblongata
Frontal lobe
Cerebellum
Hypothalamus
Medulla oblongata
148
Which part of the respiratory system is shared with the digestive system?
A. Esophagus
B. Trachea
C. Larynx
D. Pharynx
D
149
Parasympathetic innervation to the lungs originates from
Sympathetic chain ganglia
Vagus nerve
Pulmonary splanchnic nerves
T1-T4 lateral grey column
Vagus nerve
150
What lines the respiratory tract and moves mucus?
Alveoli
Cartilage
Blood vessels
Cilia
Cilia
151
Which of the following is best described as abnormally deep breathing?
Dyspnea
Hyperpnea
Eupnea
Tachypnea
Hyperpnea
152
What muscle is primarily responsible for inhalation?
Pectoral muscle
Abdominal muscles
Diaphragm
Heart
Diaphragm
153
The torus tubarius supports the ostium of the
Olfactory mucosa
Pharyngotympanic tube
Sphenoethmoidal recess
Choanae
Pharyngotympanic tube
154
Which structure is directly involved in both speaking and breathing?
A. Esophagus
B. Pharynx
C. Diaphragm
D. Larynx
D
155
Which of the following is NOT contained within the hilus of the lung?
Pulmonary vein
Pulmonary artery
Primary bronchus
Pulmonary ligament
Pulmonary ligament
156
The circumferential pleural recess between the thoracic wall and diaphragm
A. Costomediastinal recess
B. Cupula
C. Costodiaphragmatic recess
D. Thoracic outlet
C
157
Which structure serves as the main airway into the lungs?
Trachea
Bronchioles
Esophagus
Larynx
Trachea
158
The small air sacs in the lungs are called:
Alveoli
Cilia
Bronchi
Capillaries
Alveoli
159
The space between the lungs is the:
Bronchial space
Pleural cavity
Mediastinum
Diaphragm
Mediastinum
160
Oxygen is carried in the blood by:
Platelets
Hemoglobin
Plasma
White blood cells
Hemoglobin
161
Which structure marks the end/deep border of the nasopharynx?
hard palate
vocal cords
Choanae
Soft palate
Soft palate
161
What is the function of the nasal conchae?
Move food to the throat
Warm and humidify air
Filter air
Secrete hormones
Warm and humidify air
162
Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?
Pleura
Alveoli
Trachea
Bronchi
Alveoli
163
Which of the following bones does NOT contain paranasal sinuses?
Maxillary
Nasal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Nasal
164
What are the two main branches of the trachea?
Carina
Bronchioles
Secondary bronchi
Primary bronchi
Primary bronchi
165
The movement of air into and out of the lungs is called:
Ventilation
Filtration
Diffusion
Respiration
Ventilation
166
What is the voice box also known as?
Esophagus
Larynx
Pharynx
Trachea
Larynx
167
Which structure marks the end/deep border of the nasopharynx?
hard palate
vocal cords
Choanae
Soft palate
Soft palate
168
What is the opening for the coronary sinus within the right atrium?
Coronary sinus ostium (or ostium of the coronary sinus)
Location in the heart:
Chamber: In the right atrium
Position: On the posterior wall of the right atrium
169
The upper edge of the fossa ovalis is a thickened ridge. What is the name of the thickened ridge above the fossa ovalis?
Limbus of fossa ovalis
- raised anterosuperior margin of fossa (in right atrium)
