MODULE 1B: Anatomy & Histology Of Cardiovascular System Flashcards
(196 cards)
1
Q
Coron/o
A
Heart
2
Q
3 layers of the heart
A
Pericardium
Peri/cardi/um
Myocardium
My/o/cardi/um
Endocardium
Endo/cardi/um
3
Q
drains blood from the upper portion of the body into the right side
of heart
A
Superior vena cava
4
Q
carries blood from the
lower part of the body into the right side of
the heart
A
Inferior vena cava
5
Q
Angi/o
A
Vessel
6
Q
Vas/o
A
Vessel/Duct
7
Q
Vascul/o
A
Vessel
8
Q
Ather/o
A
Yellowish/fatty plaque
9
Q
Ech/o
A
Sound
10
Q
Isch/o
A
Deficiency/blockage
11
Q
-apheresis
A
Removal
12
Q
-odynia
A
Pain
13
Q
-penia
A
Abnormal reduction in number
14
Q
-poiesis
A
Formation
15
Q
-sclerosis
A
Hardening
16
Q
phase in the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles contract
A
Systole
17
Q
phase in the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles relax
A
Diastole
18
Q
reduction in the number of RBC
A
Anemia
19
Q
Embolus
A
blood clot/ air or fat/ that lodges in the bloodstream
20
Q
Angina
A
chest pain, occurs when there in an insufficient supply of
blood to the heart muscle
21
Q
Intermittent claudication
A
pain and discomfort in calf muscles while
walking
22
Q
The ________________ is the wall that separates the atria from the ventricles in the heart.
A. atrial septum
B. ventricular septum
C cardiovascular septum
D. atrioventricular septum.
A
D
23
Q
Which of the following best describes ischemia?
A An infection of the heart muscle
B A reduced blood supply to a tissue or organ, causing a shortage of oxygen
C. blockage in the lungs
D .An increase in blood flow to the brain..
A
B
24
Q
What does the medical term thrombocytopenia mean?
A. High platelet (thrombocyte) count
B. High white blood cell count
C. Low platelet (thrombocyte) count
D. Low red blood cell count
A
C
25
The suffix -ule means "small" or "little." Which of the following terms correctly uses the suffix -ule to refer to a small artery or a small vein?
A. Arteritis and venostasis
B. Arteriosclerosis and venectomy
C. Arteriole and venule
D Arterial and venous
C
26
The base of the heart is found?
at level of 2nd costal
interspace
27
Apex of heart:
5th intercostal
interspace and ~midclavicular line.
Points anterior, inferior, left
28
Diaphragmatic border
crosses
xiphisternal junction
29
Location and association of the heart
R ventricle
L atrium
R ventricle: lying anteriorly and
occupying most of the sternocostal
surface
L atrium: sitting at posterior aspect of
heart
30
Enclosing the heart and proximal portions
of great vessels, originating and terminating
in the heart, is the ___________.
This structure consists of ?
Pericardium
• Parietal pericardium
—Fibrous pericardium
—Serous pericardium
• (Serous) visceral pericardium = epicardium
—The reflection on the origins & terminations of
great vessels and the heart
31
Pericardial fluid is secreted by what layers of the pericardium?
Serous pericardium
Serous visceral pericardium = epicardium
32
Describe the layers of the heart wall. (3)
• Epicardium (Visceral pericardium)
• Mesothelium + adipose
• Myocardium
• Cardiac muscle (cardiac myocytes)
• Endocardium
• Endothelium and subendothelial CT, also
covers valves
33
External structure of the heart
What is the groove separating atria from ventricles
Coronary sulcus
34
External structures the heart
What structure divides R and L ventricles and meeting each
other at a notch near apex
Anterior and posterior
interventricular sulci
35
Myocardium utilises ____ ____ as its energy source, not glucose or ketones like most of the other tissues around the body.
Fatty acids
36
appendage/extension
of (L&R) atria
Auricle (ear)
37
Describe the circulation of blood through the heart.
• 2 divisions of circulatory system
• Systemic circulation
—Everything except the lungs
• Pulmonary circulation
—Lungs
• Shortly after birth, the two systems are entirely separate.
• Arteries carry blood AWAY from the chambers of the heart
• Veins carry blood TOWARD the chambers of the heart
1. Deoxygenated Blood Pathway (Right Side of the Heart):
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava – Bring deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart.
Right Atrium – Receives blood from the vena cavae.
Tricuspid Valve – Blood flows through this valve.
Right Ventricle – Pumps blood into the pulmonary circuit.
Pulmonary Valve – Controls flow into the pulmonary artery.
Pulmonary Arteries – Carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
2. Oxygenated Blood Pathway (Left Side of the Heart):
Lungs – Oxygenate the blood.
Pulmonary Veins – Carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart.
Left Atrium – Receives blood from the pulmonary veins.
Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve – Blood flows through to the left ventricle.
Left Ventricle – Pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic circuit.
Aortic Valve – Controls flow into the aorta.
Aorta – Distributes oxygen-rich blood to the body.
38
Name the internal structure of the heart such as the 4 chambers of the heart (2 atria, 2 ventricles) and the roles they play.
• R atrium
• Receives blood returning from systemic circuit,
coronary sinus, veins of heart
• R ventricle
• Receives blood from R atrium, pumps blood into pulmonary arteries (to lungs)
• L atrium
• Receives blood returning from pulmonary circuit (via pulmonary veins)
• L ventricle
• Receives blood from L atrium, pumps blood into
the great vessels, coronary arteries
39
What vessels empty into the R atrium? (5 total)
• Anterior cardiac veins
• Superior vena cava (SVC)
• Inferior vena cava (IVC)
• Coronary sinus
• Foramina venarum minimarum
— (Thebesian veins) orifices of minute
veins
40
Right atrium
muscular wall between R
and L atria
Interatrial septum
41
Right atrium
remains of aperture of foramen
ovale through which blood flows from R to L atrium prior to birth
Fossa ovalis
42
Right atrium
muscular ridge extending
from near ostium of SVC towards near front of IVC
Crista terminalis
43
Right atrium
_____ _______ are the muscular ridges only found in the R and L atria. Not found in the ventricles
Pectinate muscles
44
What are the valves associated with R atrium? (3)
• Valves of inferior vena cava:
—falciform fold, larger in fetus and
directs blood from IVC directly
through foramen ovale in L atrium
during fetal development
• Valve of coronary sinus:
—Small fold, doesn’t really prevent backflow into sinus
• Tricuspid (R atrioventricular)
valve:
—Guards the R atrioventricular
ostium
— 3 cusps, anterior, posterior septal
45
T or F
The muscle layer around the right ventricle, is about a third as thick as the left ventricle
T
Bc the left ventricle has to pump blood across the entire body
46
Right ventricle
What is the funnel-shaped upper end
of chamber, gives rise to pulmonary trunk
Conus ateriousus
47
Right ventricle
Name the fibrous cords from cusps of tricuspid valve to
ends of papillary mm (3 papillary mm have
same name as cusps ( anterior, posterior,
septal)
Chordae tendineae
48
Right ventricle
Name the ridge-like bundles of muscles which project
into ventricle lumen. One in particular,
septomarginal trabecula (moderator band ) contains the right crus of the AV bundle
Trabeculae carneae
49
Left atrium overview:
• Smaller than R, fewer remarkable features
• Vessels emptying into L atrium:
—4 pulmonary veins
• Interatrial septum
• Left auricle
50
Left ventricle overview:
Thick, muscular pump systemic
circuit
• Apex of ventricle = apex of heart
• Chordae tendineae w/ papillary mm
(anterior and posterior)
membranacae)
—Prevent eversion into atrium
• Trabeculae carneae
• Interventricular septum
—Thin, dorsal membranous part ( pars
51
Name the valve associated with the left ventricle.
Valves associated w/ L ventricle
• L AV Valve/bicuspid/mitral valve :
—Guards L Av ostium
—2 cusps ( anterior, posterior)
• Aortic (semilunar) valve:
—Posterior to pulmonary semilunar
valve
• 3 valvules
— Left, right, posterior
— Prevent regurgitation into ventricle
while pressure in aorta is high and
relaxed ventricle is low
52
What are the first branches off of the aorta?
Coronary Arteries
9R and L CA)
53
Obstruction of ________ ________
can cause anoxia of
area of heart supplied resulting
in myocardial infarction (MI-Heart attack),
or transient ischemic attack
(TIA-reduce in BF)
• Coronary arteries, veins are
variable in course, origin,
termination
Coronary arteries
54
The L coronary artery divides into ? (2)
Circumflex branch and Anterior Interventricular branch (left anterior descending)
55
______ ______ ______ descends in
sulcus of same name to generally supply
entire left ventricle and portions of right
ventricle
Anterior interventricular artery (left anterior descending)
56
Blockage of the left anterior descending (anterior inter ventricular branch) is referred to as ?
Widow maker bc of the high mortality rate
57
The right coronary artery gives off ________ _________ ________ and ______ _______ ______.
posterior interventricular branch (posterior descending artery)
Right marginal branch
58
Anastomoses of the heart vasculature overview.
Usually weak, insufficient
collateral circulation in event of
occlusion but they do exist…
• Anterior interventricular a and
posterior interventricular a • Circumflex a. with right coronary
a
59
Cardiac veins
What veins contribute to the coronary sinus? Where does the coronary sinus drain?
Receives blood from great cardiac vein, middle cardiac v, and small cardiac v.
Coronary sinus drains into the R atrium
60
Conduction of the heart System Overview:
• Sinuatrial node (SA Node/ Pacemaker)
—Cardiac fibers, quite vascular and
intimately associated with autonomic nerve fibers
—Located in R atrial wall between R auricle
and SVC at upper end of crista terminalis
— Initiates contraction of heart muscle
—Spreads rapidly through atria to ventricles to
AV Node
• Atrioventricular node (AV Node)
• Also specialized cardiac fibers
• Located in interatrial septum near ostium
of coronary sinus
61
Innervation of the heart
• PΣ innervation
• R vagus SA node
• L vagus AV node
• Σ innervation (originate @ T1-
T4/5)
• R sympathetics SA node
• L sympathetics AV node
62
Which of the following is associated with atrioventricular valves?
moderator band
pectinate muscles
papillary muscles
trabeculae carneae
Papillary muscles
63
Which of the following is found in the anterior interventricular septum?
A. great cardiac vein
B. coronary sinus
C. a branch of the left coronary artery
D. a branch of the right coronary artery
C
64
The heart is enclosed in a sac called the:
endothelium
pericardium
peritoneum
pleura
Pericardium
65
The right crus of the AV bundle is found here
AV node
moderator band
interatrial septum
interventricular septum
Moderator band
66
The left side of the heart deals with:
deoxygenated blood
venous return
oxygenated blood
pulmonary circulation
Oxygenated blood
67
Which valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle?
pulmonary valve
tricuspid valve
bicuspid (mitral) valve
aortic valve
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
68
Which chamber pumps blood into the aorta?
left ventricle
right atrium
right ventricle
left atrium
Left ventricle
69
The apex of the heart is easiest to palpate here
A 5th intercostal space, midclavicular line on left
B. 2nd intercostal space, right of sternum
C. 5th intercostal space, midclavicular line on right
D. 2nd intercostal space, left of sternum.
A
70
What type of circulation occurs between the heart and lungs?
pulmonary
coronary
systemic
lymphatic
Pulmonary
71
The apex of the heart is formed by the
LV
72
What chamber of the heart receives oxygen-poor blood from the body?
left ventricle
right ventricle
right atrium
left atrium
RA
73
Which node delays the electrical signal in the heart?
AV
74
Which vessel has valves to prevent backflow?
arteries
arterioles
veins
capillaries
Veins
75
Parasympathetic innervation to the SA node comes from the
A. Right vagus
B. Left thoracic sympathetic cardiac branches
C. Left vagus
D. Right thoracic sympathetic cardiac branches
A
76
Which of the following carries oxygenated blood?
A. superior vena cava
B. pulmonary artery
C. pulmonary vein
D. right atrium
C
77
Coronary arteries supply blood to the:
heart
lungs
liver
kidneys
Heart
78
Which blood vessel returns blood from the lower body to the heart?
jugular vein
inferior vena cava
pulmonary vein
superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
79
Which is NOT found in the right atrium?
fossa ovalis
pectinate muscles
trabeculae carneae
valve of inferior vena cava
Trabeculae carneae
80
What is the largest artery in the body?
Aorta
81
Great vessels deliver system and function.
Aorta:
Inferior vena cava (IVC):
Superior vena cava (SVC):
Pulmonary trunk:
Pulmonary veins:
• Aorta
—To body (oxygenated)
— Part of Systemic Circuit
—Arch is at level of sternal angle
—Left recurrent laryngeal nerve passes in front then under & behind
• Inferior vena cava (IVC)
—From LE, Abdomen (deoxygenated)
—Part of Systemic Circuit
• Superior vena cava (SVC)
—From UE, Head, thorax (deoxygenated)
—Part of Systemic Circuit
• Pulmonary trunk (& arteries)
—To lungs (deoxygenated blood)
—Part of Pulmonary Circuit
—Connected to aortic arch by ligamentum arteriosum
• A remnant of fetal development
• Pulmonary veins
— From lungs (oxygenated)
—Part of Pulmonary Circuit
82
Why are the three branches coming off of the aortic arch?
1. Brachiocephalic (innominate) trunk/artery
2. L common carotid
3. L subclavian
83
What structure lies in posterior
mediastinum and extends from termination of aortic arch at level of disc between T4/5 (and sternal angle) to lower border of body of T12. It passes posterior to root (bronchus, vessels, nerves) of L lung.
Descending thoracic aorta
84
What are the 4 visceral branches off of the descending thoracic aorta?
What are the 3 parietal branches?
Visceral branches (4)
• Pericardial aa
• Bronchial aa
• Esophageal aa
• Mediastinal aa
Parietal branches (3)
• Posterior intercostal aa
• Subcostal aa: inferior to rib 12, (similar to posterior
intercostals)
• Superior phrenic aa
85
86
What structure 3cm in diameter, 5-5.5cm in length, enclosed within pericardial sac gives origin to L and R coronary arteries (in aortic
sinus of aortic semilunar valve)
Ascending aorta
87
Pulmonary trunk artery overview:
• R pulmonary artery:
• longer, larger than L.
• Runs posterior to ascending aorta and SVC and anterior to R
bronchus. • Near hilus of R lung, divides into (2)
1. Branch to superior lobe 2. Branch to inferior and middle lobes of R lung
• L pulmonary artery:
• shorter, smaller.
• Passes anterior to descending aorta and L bronchus.
• Superiorly, origin is connected to aortic arch via ligamentum
arteriosum, to the left of which lies the L recurrent laryngeal n of vagus, and on the R the superficial cardiac plexus.
• Divides into 2 branches:
3. superior lobe of L lung 4. inferior lobe of L lung
88
Brachiocephalic veins are formed by union of ?
Where does it terminate?
union of internal jugular & subclavian vv .
Terminate by uniting to form superior vena cava
89
Name the tributaries to the R brachiocephalic v.
And L
R vertebral v
R internal thoracic v
R inferior thyroid (same as L)
R 1st posterior intercostal (supreme) v
Left
L vertebral v
L internal thoracic v (same as R)
L inferior thyroid (same as R)
L highest (superior) intercostal v
90
what structure begins opposite 1st or 2nd lumbar vertebrae from R
ascending lumbar v . and a branch from IVC. • Runs superiorly, anterior to lumbar & thoracic
vertebrae, passes over root of R lung (from P-A) to
SVC! (“Hoopty vein”)?
Azygos v
*IMPORTANT: receives blood from the R posterior intercostal, Hemiazygos v (UP), and Accessory hemiazygos v.(coming DOWN)
**Look at slide 52 for overview
91
What are the divisions of the mediastinum?
• Superior mediastinum: 1st rib to horizontal line through sternal angle and T4/5 disc
• Inferior mediastinum: from superior
mediastinum to respiratory diaphragm
—Anterior
—Middle
•—osterior
92
**Look at superior mediastinum parts on slide 55-58
Anterior
Middle
Posterior
93
Borders of the anterior mediastinum?
Borders:
• S: lower border of superior mediastinum • I: diaphragm • A: sternal body • P: fibrous pericardium (pericardial sac)
94
Borders of the middle mediastinum?
Borders:
• S: lower border of superior mediastinum • I: diaphragm • A: pericardial sac • P: pericardial sac
95
Borders of the posterior mediastinum?
Borders
• S: lower border of superior mediastinum • I: diaphragm • A: pericardial sac • P: vertebral column • Caudally extends to level of T12
96
R or L vagus N?
Runs near trachea, passes
posterior to root of R lung the runs on posterior surface of esophagus
R
97
R or L vagus N?
Passes over anterior L side of
aortic arch, gives off L recurrent
laryngeal n then posterior to root
of lung, then runs on anterior
surface of esophagus
98
Which vein runs on the left side of the vertebral column and drains into the azygos system?
A. accessory hemiazygos
B. pulmonary vein
C. superior vena cava
D. internal thoracic
A
99
The thymus is located nearest which part to the heart?
A. base
B. diaphragmatic surface
C. apex
D. interventricular sulcus
A
100
The phrenic nerve passes anterior to which structure in the thorax?
A. lung hilum
B. esophagus
C. heart
D. descending aorta
A
101
The hemiazygos vein typically drains into the azygos vein at which vertebral level?
T8
T12
T9
T6
T9
102
The brachiocephalic trunk gives rise to which of the following?
A. left subclavian artery
B. right subclavian and right common carotid arteries
C. right internal jugular vein
D. left common carotid and left subclavian arteries
B
103
The esophagus passes through the diaphragm at which vertebral level?
T10
T6
T8
T12
T10
104
The esophagus is primarily supplied by branches of the:
thoracic aorta
internal thoracic artery
pulmonary trunk
aortic arch
Thoracic aorta
105
What structure separates the superior from the inferior mediastinum?
costal margin
diaphragm
clavicle
sternal angle
Sternal angle
106
The azygos vein arches over which structure before draining into the superior vena cava?
pulmonary artery
ascending aorta
right main bronchus
left main bronchus
Right main bronchus
107
The thoracic duct drains into which venous angle?
A. left brachiocephalic vein
B. azygos and hemiazygos junction
C. left internal jugular and subclavian
D. right internal jugular and subclavian
C
108
The superior vena cava is formed by the union of which veins?
A. left and right brachiocephalic
B internal jugular and subclavian
C. azygos and hemiazygos
D. external jugular and axillary./
A
109
The left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops under which structure?
A. arch of the aorta
B left pulmonary artery
C. brachiocephalic trunk
D. right subclavian artery.
A
110
The mediastinum is divided into how many compartments?
six
four
three
five
Four
111
The pulmonary trunk bifurcates into left and right arteries at the level of the:
diaphragm
jugular notch
T6 vertebra
sternal angle
Sternal angle
112
Which structure lies immediately anterior to the esophagus in the superior mediastinum?
aortic arch
thoracic duct
trachea
vertebral bodies
Trachea
113
The right recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around which structure?
A. right subclavian artery
B. left subclavian artery
C. aortic arch
D. pulmonary trunk
A
114
The thoracic duct lies between which two structures posteriorly?
A. aorta and vertebrae
B. esophagus and trachea
C. pericardium and sternum
D. azygos vein and aorta
D
115
Which of the following structures is NOT found in the posterior mediastinum?
thoracic duct
esophagus
trachea
azygos vein
Trachea
116
Which of the following lies in the posterior mediastinum?
A. trachea
B. heart
C. descending thoracic aorta
D. thymus
C
117
The aortic arch gives rise to how many major branches?
two
four
three
one
Three
118
The internal thoracic artery is a branch of which vessel?
A. subclavian artery
B. descending aorta
C. aortic arch
D. brachiocephalic trunk
A
119
The anterior mediastinum contains which of the following in adults?
A. azygos vein
B. thymic remnants and fat
C. trachea
D. lungs
B
120
The vagus nerve gives off which branch in the thorax?
A. thoracic splanchnic nerve
B. recurrent laryngeal nerve
C. phrenic nerve
D. intercostal nerve
B
121
Which of the following arteries is a branch of the arch of the aorta?
pulmonary artery
left subclavian
right coronary
right subclavian
LS
122
Which structure is located in the middle mediastinum?
thymus
heart
esophagus
thoracic duct
Heart
123
The sympathetic trunks run:
A. anterior to the vertebral column
B. within the heart
C. lateral to the vertebral bodies
D. in the anterior mediastinum
C
124
Which nerve runs in the fibrous pericardium and innervates the diaphragm?
phrenic
vagus
recurrent laryngeal
sympathetic trunk
Phrenic
125
The arch of the aorta begins and ends at which vertebral level?
T8
T4
T2
T6
T4
126
The trachea bifurcates at which vertebral level?
T4-T5
127
The descending thoracic aorta lies to the ______ of the vertebral column.
Left
128
Cardiac muscle originates from ________ _______ cells.
embryonic mesenchymal
129
What is the Thickest layer of the heart wall
Myocardium
130
Epicardium is also referred to as?
Visceral pericardium
131
Lines the inner surface of the heart
Endocardium
• Endothelial cell layer on a basal lamina • Collagen, elastin and thin layer of smooth
muscle
132
Where are purkinje fibers found?
Found btw endocardium and myocardium, in ventricles
133
What are the three divisions of blood vessels?
Arteries: Elastic arteries (Large and small), Muscular arteries, Arterioles,
Microvasculature
Capillaries: Continuous, Fenestrated, Sinusoidal
Veins: Small and medium veins, Large veins
134
T or F
Microvaculature are capillaries
T
135
What are the general structure layers of the vascular wall? From inside to outside.
(Lumen) —> tunica intima (TI) —> Tunica Media (TM) —> Tinica Adventitia (TA)
136
What are the similarities between large arteries and veins?
Same three layers and order of layers, Intima, Media, Adventitia
But proportions are different
Both have BV that supply them bc they are big (vasa vasorum = )
137
The internal elicits lamina (IEL) is ________ of the media layer of a BV. The external elastic lamina (EEL) is ________ of the media layer.
Tunica elastic lamina is tunica intimi
Inside
Tunica media is external elastic lamina
Outside
Tunica Adventitia is by itself
138
T or F
EEL is found only in bigger muscular arteries
T
139
Arteries are controlled by?
The controlled by the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla hormones
140
141
When transitioning from Smaller muscular artery to Arteriole
What happens?
IEL prominently seen EEL is not present TM and TA reduced in thickness
142
T or F
Arteriole have IEL and EEL
F
NO IEL OR EEL
143
BF sequence when sphincters are open?
Closed?
Arteriole- Metarteriole - capillary bed – post-capillary venule
Blood flow sequence when sphincters are closed: Arteriole- Metarteriole - thoroughfare channel (passes through middle of channel)- post capillary venule
144
Capillaries Overview:
Made of endothelial cells on a basal lamina Associated with pericytes (contractile- type cells)
-Pericytes can differentiate
into smooth muscle or fibroblasts during wound
healing and angiogenesis
-Pericytes not found in fenestrated or sinusoidal
capillaries
145
What are the three types of capillaries?
1) Continuous
Most common type
Endothelial cell layer is continuous
2) Fenestrated •Have gaps in the endothelial layer •Found in the gut, renal glomerulus
3) Sinusoidal Larger diameter capillaries Found in liver, spleen, bone marrow Large gaps in their walls allows transport of whole cells from the blood to the tissue
146
Varicose veins overview:
• Found in medium and large veins
• They are inward extensions of
tunica intima
called ‘Varicose veins’
• Occur in pairs
• Prevent back flow of blood
• Malfunction results in a condition
147
Role of Vasa Vasorum:
Supply nutrients/ oxygen to medium and large arteries and veins
More extensive in veins than in arteries. In arteries- it only penetrates up to TA. In veins- they penetrate up to TI
148
Lymph capillary
Lymph Capillary with valves • Lined by a thin endothelium • Lack pericytes
149
Lymph vessel
Medium sized Lymph vessel
• Made up of collagen, elastic fibers & smooth muscles
150
Edema:
Clinical condition associated with lymph vessels
•Obstruction of lymph vessels- accumulation of interstitial fluid •Usually due to inflammation or parasitic infection •Ex: lymphatic filariasis (aka Elephantiasis)
151
Which of the following is true about myocardial cells?
A. They have multiple nuclei and are non-striated
B. They have peripheral nuclei and are non-striated
C. They have central nuclei and are striated
D. They lack nuclei and are striated
C
152
Purkinje fibers are modified to have:
A. The same number of myofibrils as skeletal muscle
B Fewer myofibrils and more glycogen
C. More myofibrils than typical cardiac muscle cells
D. No glycogen at all.
B
153
Which of the following statements about large elastic arteries is correct?
A. They have only connective tissue in their tunica media.
B. They lack smooth muscle in their tunica media.
C. They contain smooth muscle in their tunica media.
D. They lack elastic fibers in their tunica media.
C
154
Muscular arteries are characterized by which of the following?
A. Presence of only an internal elastic lamina
B Presence of high amount of smooth muscle in TM
C. Absence of any elastic lamina
D. Presence of only an external elastic lamina.
B
155
Purkinje fibers are:
A. Modified smooth muscle cells
B. Modified fibroblasts
C. Specialized cardiac muscle cells for conduction
D. Modified endothelial cells
C
156
Purkinje fibers are most concentrated in:
The left atrium
The right atrium
The aorta
The ventricular walls and septum
The ventricular walls and septum
157
The pericardial cavity is lined by:
A. Endothelial cells
B. Fibroblasts
C Mesothelial cells
D. Smooth muscle cells
C
158
Lymphatic capillaries function to:
A. Absorb nutrients from the intestines
B. Transport oxygen to tissues
C. Drain blood from tissues
D. Drain fluid from extracellular spaces in tissues
D
159
Which of the following is true about large lymphatic vessels?
A. They have smooth muscle in their walls
B. They lack endothelium
C. They lack smooth muscle in their walls
D. They contain only connective tissue
A
160
The epicardium of the heart:
A. Contains only connective tissue
B. Is nourished only by diffusion from the myocardium
C Is avascular and lacks nerves
D. Has its own blood and nerve supply.
D
161
In the lymphatic system, valves:
A. Allow lymph to flow in both directions
B. Prevent the backward flow of lymph
C. Prevent the forward flow of lymph
D. Are absent in lymphatic vessels
B
162
What is the function of the vasa vasorum in large arteries?
A. They regulate arterial pressure
B. They drain lymph from the arterial wall
C. They supply blood to the walls of large arteries
D. They provide innervation to the arterial wall
C
163
T or F
Risk of MI or TIA is greater in the left coronary artery than the right
T
Slide 38
164
_____ vein passes over root of R lung
Azygos
165
_____ vein passes over root of R lung
Azygos
166
Principal cavity or sinus venarum is located where?
Right atrium
167
Name the structure that separates the sinus venarum and right auricle.
Crista terminalis
-this is the muscular ridge extending from near ostium of SVC towards near front of IVC
168
Where is the opening of the coronary sinus located?
the right atrium, on the posterior wall, just superior to the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve, near the fossa ovalis. It's partially covered by the Thebesian valve
169
What is the thickened ridge above the fossa ovalis called?
Limbus of the fossa ovalis
170
What is the ridge that separates the smooth wall of the right atrium from the rough pectinate muscle portion?
Crista terminalis
171
What is the name of the smooth-walled portion of the right atrium that receives blood from the vena cava?
Sinus venarum
172
What muscle structures anchor the chordae tendineae in the ventricles?
Papillary muscles
173
What fibrous cords attach AV valves to the papillary muscles?
Chordae tenineae
174
What muscular ridges are found in the walls of the ventricles? and facilitate the twisting contraction.
Trabeculae carneae
175
What specialized trabecula carries part of the RIGHT bundle branch?
Moderator band (also called septomarginal trabecula)
176
What is the cone-shaped outflow tract of the right ventricle called?
Conus arteriosus (leads to the pulmonary trunk)
177
What developmental structure connected to the pulmonary trunk?
Ligamentum arteriosum
178
What nerve runs near the ligamentum arteriosum and innervates the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
179
Blood moves from the left atrium passed what valance?
Left AV, bicuspid valve or mitral valve
180
What is the membranous portion of the interventricular septum called in Latin?
Pars membranacea
181
What are the first branches off the ascending aorta?
Coronary arteries (L and R)
182
Left Coronary artery has two major branches coming of of it. What are they
Left anterior descending (LAD), and circumflex artery
183
What are the main veins of the heart draining into the coronary sinus?
Great cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein
Small cardiac vein
184
What is the name of the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle?
Tricuspid valve (also known as the right atrioventricular valve)
185
What is the muscular portion of the interventricular septum?
Pars muscularis (muscular part of the interventricular septum)
186
What is the anatomical boundary between the pectinate muscle region and the smooth-walled sinus venarum in the right atrium?
Crista terminalis
187
What vein travels alongside the anterior interventricular artery?
Great cardiac vein
188
What vein runs in the posterior interventricular sulcus and drains into the coronary sinus?
Middle cardiac vein
189
What vein runs along the right atrioventricular sulcus and drains into the coronary sinus?
Small cardiac vein
190
What is the large vein that collects blood from the heart's venous system and drains into the right atrium?
Coronary sinus
191
What is the name of the small fold of tissue that can cover the coronary sinus orifice?
Thebesian valve,
Small veins that drain directly from the myocardium into all four heart chambers, especially the right atrium.
192
What nerve loops around the ligamentum arteriosum and innervates the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of the vagus nerve)
193
What structure separates the auricle (atrial appendage) from the main cavity of the right atrium?
Crista terminalis
194
What surface groove corresponds to the location of the interventricular septum?
Anterior interventricular sulcus (front) and posterior interventricular sulcus (back)
195
What structure delivers oxygenated blood to the myocardium?
Coronary arteries
196
Order of Blood Flow Through the Heart (with Anatomical Landmarks)
1. Systemic venous return:
Superior vena cava (SVC)
Inferior vena cava (IVC)
Coronary sinus → drains venous blood from heart wall
↳ Ostium of the coronary sinus (partially covered by the Thebesian valve)
➡️ Blood enters the...
2. Right atrium:
Sinus venarum (smooth-walled part where SVC, IVC, and coronary sinus drain)
Pectinate muscles (rough anterior wall)
Crista terminalis (ridge separating sinus venarum from pectinate muscle area)
Fossa ovalis (remnant of fetal foramen ovale)
↳ Bordered superiorly by the Limbus of the fossa ovalis
➡️ Blood passes through the...
3. Right atrioventricular (AV) valve:
Also known as the Tricuspid valve
➡️ Into the...
4. Right ventricle:
Trabeculae carneae (muscular ridges in ventricular wall)
Papillary muscles → anchor the chordae tendineae
Moderator band (septomarginal trabecula) → carries right bundle branch
Conus arteriosus (smooth-walled outflow tract leading to pulmonary trunk)
➡️ Blood exits via the...
5. Pulmonary valve (semilunar valve)
➡️ Into the...
6. Pulmonary trunk → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs
7. Pulmonary veins (4 total) return oxygenated blood to the...
8. Left atrium:
Pectinate muscles (only in the auricle/appendage)
Fossa ovalis also visible on the interatrial septum
➡️ Blood passes through the...
9. Left atrioventricular (AV) valve:
Also called the Mitral valve or Bicuspid valve
➡️ Into the...
10. Left ventricle:
Trabeculae carneae
Papillary muscles with chordae tendineae
Pars muscularis (muscular part of interventricular septum)
Pars membranacea (membranous part of the IV septum near the outflow tract)
➡️ Blood exits via the...
11. Aortic valve (semilunar valve)
➡️ Into the...
12. Ascending aorta:
Left and right coronary arteries arise from the aortic sinuses:
Left coronary artery → splits into:
Left anterior descending (LAD) artery
Circumflex artery
Right coronary artery
13. Coronary circulation (venous return):
Great cardiac vein (runs with LAD)
Middle cardiac vein (posterior interventricular sulcus)
Small cardiac vein (right AV sulcus)
→ All drain into the coronary sinus, completing the circuit.
