Module 2

Question 1

Carbon (brief) The Chemistry of life

Answer 1

One of the basic substances everything is made up of

Question 2

Atoms (brief)

Answer 2

The fundamental unit of matter; everything is made up of atoms

Question 3

Matter

Answer 3

Any substance that occupies space and has mass.

Question 4

Elements

Answer 4

Unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that cannot be broken down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions.

Question 5

How many elements are there?

Answer 5

118 but only 92 occur naturally. The remaining elements are synthesized in laboratories and are unstable.

Question 6

What’s the symbol for sodium?

Answer 6

Na (natrium)

Question 7

What is the symbol for Carbon

Answer 7

C

Question 8

What is the symbol for Calcium?

Answer 8

Ca

Question 9

What are the FOUR elements common to all living organisms?

Answer 9

Oxygen (O)
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)

Question 10

Atom

Answer 10

The smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element.

Question 11

What do all atoms contain?

Answer 11

Protons, electrons, and neutrons.

HYDROGEN only has ONE proton and ONE electron

Question 12

Proton

Answer 12

A positively charged particle that resides in the nucleus (core of the atom) and has a mass of 1 and charge of +1

Question 13

Neutron

Answer 13

Also resides in the nucleus. They also of 1 but NO CHARGE !

Question 14

Electron

Answer 14

A negatively charged particle that travels in the space around the nucleus. Is resides outside the nucleus. It has a negligible mass and a charge of -1

Question 15

Atomic Number

Answer 15

of an element is equal to the number of protons of that element.

Question 16

Mass Number

Answer 16

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons of that element.

Question 17

Isotopes

Answer 17

Different forms of the same element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

Question 18

Radioactive Isotopes

Answer 18

Isotopes that are unstable and will lose protons, other subatomic particles or energy to form more stable elements.

Question 19

An atom is most stable when

Answer 19

All of the electron positions in the outermost shell are filled.

Question 20

Octet rule

Answer 20

The outermost shells of the elements with low atomic numbers that can hold eight electrons

Question 21

By convention each shell is assigned

Answer 21

A number and the symbol n

Ex. The electron shell closest to the nucleus is called 1n

Question 22

The shell closest to the nucleus 1n can hold….

Answer 22

Two electrons

2n can hold 8 electrons
3n can hold 18 electrons

Question 23

The outer most shell is known as

Answer 23

The valence shell

Electrons found here are called valence electrons

Question 24

Group 1 elements have just

Answer 24

One valence electron

Group 18 have 8 electrons

Question 25

Matter exist in 3 forms

Answer 25

Elements (pure) compounds (pure) and mixtures (impure)

Question 26

Inert gases or noble gases

Answer 26

Helium (He) Neon (Ne) Argon (Ar) Group 18 elements that have outer electron shells that are full or satisfy the octet rule. This makes them highly stable as single atoms.

Question 27

Ions

Answer 27

Some atoms are more stable when they gain or lose an electron (or possibly two) and form ions

Question 28

Cations

Answer 28

Positive ions are formed by losing electrons.

Question 29

Anions

Answer 29

Negative ions are formed by gaining electrons Designated by there elemental name being altered to end in “-ide “ Ex. The anion of chlorine is chloride.

Question 30

Electron Transfer

Answer 30

The movement of electrons from one element to another

Question 31

Ionic Bonds

Answer 31

These are formed between ions with opposite charges

Question 32

Electrolytes

Answer 32

(Including sodium, potassium, and calcium) Ions that are necessary for nerve impulse conduction, muscle contractions, and water balance

Question 33

Covalent bonds share

Answer 33

Electrons

Question 34

Ionic bonds transfer

Answer 34

Electrons

Question 35

Water is Polar 🧠

Answer 35

Info for 🧠

Question 36

Water is cohesive 🧠

Answer 36

Info for 🧠

Question 37

Cohesion

Answer 37

Water molecules are attracted to each other (because of hydrogen bonding), keeping the molecules together at the liquid air (gas) interface

Question 38

Water stabilized temperature 🧠

Answer 38

Info for 🧠

Question 39

Covalent Bonds

Answer 39

The SHARING of electrons Commonly found in carbon based organic molecules, such as DNA and proteins Triple bonds are the strongest !

Question 40

Non polar covalent bonds

Answer 40

Form between two atoms of the same element or between different elements that share the electrons equally Ex. Oxygen sharing electrons with oxygen to fill the outer shell

Question 41

Polar covalent bonds

Answer 41

The electrons shared by the atoms spend more time closer to one nucleus than to the other nucleus

Question 42

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 42

Too weak bonds that occur frequently for hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds provide many of the critical, life-sustaining properties of water, and also stabilize the structures of proteins and DNA. It’s the building block of cells.

Question 43

pH

Answer 43

A measure of its acidity or alkalinity