Module 2 Flashcards

Question

Comstock Law

Answer 1

-Anthony Comstock: devout Christian appalled by what he saw in the city's streets (prostitutes and pornography) It seemed to him that the town was teeming with prostitutes and pornography -Also offended by birth control ads and was certain that contraceptives promoted lust and lewdness -Supplied police with information for raids on sex trade merchants -In 1872, went to Washington with anti-obscenity bill, including a ban on contraceptives, that he had drafted himself -On March 3, 1873, Congress passed the new law, alter known as the Comstock Act. The statute defined contraceptives as obscene and illicit, making is a federal offense to disseminate birth control through the mail or across state lines. Comstock was also a postal inspector

Answer 2

-Not a lot of response from the American Public -Soon after the federal law was on the books, twenty-four states enacted their own versions of Comstock laws to restrict the contraceptive trade on the state level. Whould be hundreds of thousands today -New England residents lived under the most restrictive laws in the country. In Massachusetts, anyone disseminating contraceptives or information about could pay high fines and/or be imprisoned -In Connecticut, using birth control was prohibited, and married couples could be arrested for using and imprisoned for up to one year -Comstock created a two-tiered system where you could get a "medical exemption" or a "therapeutic exemption" of you were wealthy and could find your way to having an abortion

Answer 3

-"Enforce motherhood is the most complete denial of a woman's right to life and liberty." -Arrested in 1916 for opening the first birth control clinic in America -Resulted in the 1918 Crane Decision ~Allowed women to use both control for therapeutic purposes -United states v. One Package (1936) ~Physicicans could not legally mail birth control devices and information throughout the country, paving the way fro the legitimization of birth control -1972: Roe v. Wade

Answer 4

-Supreme COurt reuled it violated the right to marita privacy -Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) ruled that married women had the right to contraception from their doctors -Single women didn't have the same rights until 1972 (Eisenstadt v. Baird) -Clarence Thomas (June 2022) ~Court's majority found that a right to abortion was not a form of "liberty" protected by the due process clause of the 14th Amendment to the Constitution (Which was said in Roe) -Reference three other cases that relied on the same reasoning ~Griswold v. Connecticut, Lawrence v. Texas (invalidated sodomy laws, made same-sex sexual activity legal, 2003), and Obergefell v. Hodges (2015, marriage rights for all)

Answer 5

-"In the days of ancient Greece, many centries ago, we Amazons were the foremost nation in the world. In Amazonia, women ruled and all was well." ~Hippolyte, "Intoducting Wonder Woman" -"A man!" ~Princess Diana cries when she finds Steve Trevor. -"A man on Paradise Island!...America, the last citadel of democracy, and of equal rights for women!"

Answer 6

-In the 19th century, suffragists, following the work of anthropologists, believed that something like the Amazons of Gree myth had once existed, a matriarchy that predated the rise of patriarchy -1910: The word "feminism" comes into popular use -Feminism: rests on principle of equality -Suffrage: the right to vote

Answer 7

-Psychologist, Harvard PhD -Credited with co-creating the lie detector test. Also interested in sex, sexual difference, and sexual adjustment -"Wonder Woman was conceived by Dr. Marson... [because] "the only hope for civilization is the greater freedom, development and equality of women in all fields of human activity." -"frankly, Wonder Woman is psychological propaganda for the new type of woman who should, I believe, rule the world."

Answer 8

-1910-20: The percentage of married women working had nearly doubled; number of married working women had risen by 40% -Holloway: "A new way of living has to exist in the minds of men before it can be realized in the actual form" -Free Love: better equality, better division of domestic tasks, and the idea of abolishing marriage laws that two people should be able to enter into their own romantic contracts, which should no be legal. All relationships based on love, not money -Olive Byrne (22 year old, graduate student, niece of Margaret Sanger) moved in with Marson and Holloway. Olive Byrne is the mother of two of Marson's four children

Answer 9

-Holloway: "The new race will have a far greater love capacity that the current one and I mean physical love as well as other forms." -Havelock Ellis (one of Sanger's overs) argued for "the erotic rights of women." Ellis argued that the evolution of marriage as an institution had resulted in the prohibiting of female sexual pleasure, which was derided as women and abnormal

Answer 10

-Holloway: "A student of Dr. Marston's wore on each wrist heavy, broad silver bracelets, one African and the other Mexican. They attracted his attention as symbols of love binding so that he adopted them for the Wonder Woman strip." -Olive Byrne had at that point been living with Holloway for forty-eight years

Answer 11

-During the Comstock Act, you could not distribute erotica or birth control, and abortion was illegal. Sex education was considered obscene -Due to a syphilis outbreak in the 1890s, Comstock would approve public sex education if it were scientific because talking about non-human biology wasn't considered "obscene" -Gilman wanted to discuss sex education for a female audience while avoiding prosecution -To her, women's lack of body autonomy is unnatural. This is why she uses parthenogenesis (which bees and ants use): it is a natural reproductive process -In other words, bodily autonomy is natural

Answer 12

-When women begin to imagine this bodily autonomy, they gain autonomy over their own ability to fertilize or prevent fertilization -While a Herlander may just as easily "put [conception] out of her mind," we might also do the same. Ultimately, the power lies with the woman or, more specifically, her individual mind and body.

Answer 13

-Early feminist slogan to reject husband's sexual advances -This was a bold claim at the time -Rejected artificial methods of birth control because they might promote promiscuity. Instead, the promote natural methods like the rhythm method and withdrawal -In "Feminism or Polygamy," Gilman writes that "artificial processes of prevention... are promoters of vice and disease."

Answer 14

-Ellador learns about reproductive health when she rescues a butterfly pollinating a flower -Her "insect teacher" corrects her: it is an obernut moth, which Herlandians have "been trying to exterminate." -"It might have laid eggs enough to rais worms enough to destroy thousands of out nut trees-thousands of bushels of nuts-and make years and years of trouble for all of us" -"Children all over the country were told to watch for that moth, if they were any more"

Answer 15

-Parthenogenesis is a form of "natural" birth control that works towards "race health" -Reproduction is controlled by the Over Motehrs, who control "quality" -Herlanders are described as a white "Aryan stock," or race, who are also strong and resilient -When "unfit" women have had offspring, the Over Mothers asked the women to "renounce motherhood" -If this is a utopia, then the utopia is of whiteness, physical fitness, and intellectual preformance

Answer 16

-Gilman was a staunch and self-described nativist -Nativists believe in protecting the interests of native-born (or "established") inhabitants above the interests of immigrants -They also believe mental capacities are innate, rather than teachable -In her 1908 essay, "A Suggestion on the Negro Problem," Gilman advocates for compulsory, militaristic labor camps for Black Americans -In favor of racial purity and stricter border policies (the sequel to Herland) or for sterilization and even genocide for the genetically inferior (Moving the Mountian). Also anti-Semitic

Answer 17

-Francis Galton, an English statistician, demographer, and ethnologist (and cousin of Charles Darwin), coined "eugenics" -Health and disease, as well as social and intellectual characteristics, were based upon heredity and the concept of race -During the 1870-80s, discussions of "human improvement" and scientific racism became more common. Groups were determined to be superior or inferior -These same "experts" believed biological and behavioral characteristics were immutable

Answer 18

-Began with Charles Davenport in 1900, a biologist who was inspired by Galton's work and sought to reduce undesirable traits -Reinforce American racist beliefs of the time and a weak understanding of Mendel and Darwin -Believed that genetic defects caused alcoholism, poverty, and social dependency -Around 1910, became concerned with "feeblemindedness," which described those with low IQs, abnormal behavior, asexual promiscuity, criminal behavior, and social dependency

Answer 19

-Idealization of motherhood -Fear of "race suicide" (fit group would dwindle, now use Great Replacement Theory) -"Scientific motherhood": mothers needed scientific knowledge and expert assistance to raise healthy children -Social reform: government could enforce marriage restrictions, sexual segregation, and sterilization laws ~Eugenics archive

Answer 20

"Society has no business to premit degenerates to reproduce their kind... Any group of farmers who permitted their best stock not to breed and let all the increase come from the worst stock, would be treated as fit inmates for an asylum."

Answer 21

"The unnatural and increasingly rapid growth of the Feeble-Minded and Insane classes... constitutes a national and race danger which it is impossible to exaggerate. I am convinced that the multiplication of the Feeble-Minded, which is proceeding now at an artificial rate, unchecked by any of the old restraints of nature, and actually fostered by civilised conditions, is a terrible danger to the race."

Answer 22

"Birth control is nothing more or less than the facilitation of the process of weeding out the unfit [and] of preventing the birth of defectives."

Answer 23

-Called for dividing the Black community into four groups -Promoted marriage and reproduction within the most desirable group, the "talented tenth," and wanted to breed out the lowest group, "the submerged tenth"

Answer 24

-The main difficulty is that people have to start thinking about eugenics in a different way. The Nazis gave it a bad name, and I think is it time something was done to make it respectable again ~My suggestion is in an attempt to solve the problem and especially those who are poorly endowed genetically having large numbers of unnecessary children... It would probably pay society to offer such individuals something like 1,000 [British pounds] down and a pension of 5 [British pounds] a week over the age of 60. As you probably know, the bribe in India is a transistor radio and apparently, there are plenty of takers.

Answer 25

-"Long before the race reaches the state of universal incompetency, the impending danger will be appreciated... and, through eugenics and euthenics, the mental soundness of the race will be saved."

Answer 26

-Chairman of the board of scientific advisers to the Eugenics Record Office. -Honorary president of the Second International Congress of Eugenics, which advocated sterilization laws across the country for those Bell called a "defective variety of the human race" -Some of those laws were used as models for similar laws in Nazi Germany -"People do not understand the mental condition of a person who cannot speak and who thinks in gestures... Thoat who believe as I do, that the production of a defective race of human beings would be great calamity to the world, will examine carefully the causes that lead to the intermarriage of the deaf with the object of applying a remedy."

Answer 27

-"It is the possibility of happiness, intelligence and power that give life its sanctity, and they are absent in the case of a poor, misshapen, paralyzed, unthinking creature." -"[Allowing a] defective [child to die] is a weeding of the human garden that shows a sincere love of true life."

Answer 28

-Dr. Harry Clay Sharp and other physicians lobbied for laws to allow involuntary sterilization of the "hereditarily defective." -1907: first sterilization law, in Indiana (Bouche and Rivard, 2014) -1914: Twelve more states had passed sterilization laws and 18 more eventually followed -1914: Model Eugenical Sterilization Law proposed the sterilization of the "feebleminded" and those that had physical and mental defects -1907-39: more than 30,000 people were sterilized unknowingly or against their consent

Answer 29

-Prohibition of mixed-race and 'feebleminded' marriages -1896: Connecticut prohibited marriages for those who were "feeble-minded" and/or had epilepsy -1913: 29 states prohibited mixed-race marriages, as offspring with parents with two different races were deemed as genetically inferior to those that were of a single race -This legislation continued during the 1920s and led to forced sterilization being ruled as federally legal in 1927 through the Supreme Court case, BUck v. Bell

Answer 30

-Since the late 19th century, white women who were affluent, educated, and respectable have been encouraged to have children -Mothers who weren't (and aren't) encouraged (IVF); poor and/or uneducated, exhibited unconventional sexual behavior, had a mental or physical disability, or came from the "wrong" racial or ethnic background -The most unfit mothers could be subjected to child removal and coerced sterilization

Answer 31

-Born in 1906 in Charlottesville, Virginia. Father abandoned the family, and the mother was in poverty -When she was a toddler, John, and Alice Dobbs asked to become her foster parents after seeing Carrie's mother on the street -Carrie went to school until sixth grade, when she was pulled to clean the house full-time. At 17, she was raped by the Dobbs' nephew and became pregnant -Declared was mentally deficient with no evidence. Was committed to the Virginia Colony for Epileptics and Feeble-Minded

Answer 32

-1904-21: The rate of institutionalization for feeblemindedness nearly tripled -Carrie had been declared a "middle-grade moron," above "idiot" and "imbecile," and just below normal. ~Morons are considered especially dangerous because they could pass and then breed. *She had a child as an unmarried teenager, and her mother and daughter have been declared as unfit -The Virginia law for forced sterilization was legally flawed, so the superintendent of Carrie's institution used her petition for forced sterilization to bring the law forward -It succeeded, with the Supreme Court ruling it lawful

Answer 33

-Thirty-two states passed eugenic-sterilization laws during the 20th century -Between 60-70,000 people were sterilized -Eugenics taken up by the Nazis -Coerced or forced sterilization continued in the US. Among the Southern poor, it was known as the "Mississippi appendectomy." -States only began repealing their laws in the 60s and 70s, with awareness of civil rights

Answer 34

-Buck v. Bell is still on the books and was cited as a precedent in 2001 -From 2006-2012, at least 148 female prisoners in CA were sterilized without permission (Center for Investigative Reporting) -In 2015, a district attorney in Nashville was fired for including sterilization requirements in plea deals

Answer 35

-Charles Davenport’s Heredity in Relation to Eugenics "was assigned reading in many of the eugenics courses that were springing up at colleges and universities across the country and was cited in more than one-third of the high school biology textbooks of the era" (Cohen, as cited in Dolmage, 112). -The American Eugenics Society, in 1922, reached out to “teachers of biology, sociology and psychology,” who might find it “profitable to include in their practical laboratory work... authentic family histories with special reference to the descent and recombination of natural physical and mental qualities... this cooperative work promises to be not only profitable from the standpoint of the University ... but also in building up biological family records of the better American families.” -In 1925, 1,457 of these records were collected. -Heather Munro Prescott, medical historian: “By the late 1920s, more than 300 colleges and universities offered courses that covered eugenic themes, with as many as 20,000 students enrolled” (Dolmage, 102)

Answer 36

-In the late 19th century, some American universities began requiring medical exams as part of the admissions process and to "eliminate the unfit" -"Physicians and scientists, and even the occasional entrepreneur, quickly identified such programs as potential sources of captive research subjects. The provision of health services in the interests of students thus blurred with the use of students as research subjects."

Answer 37

-Pollio at 18 months old, three months in an iron lung -Kindergarten principal called her a "fire hazard." Had to take classes in the basement -In 1970, she passed every requirement except a physical to become an NYC teacher and was denied due to "paralysis of both lower extremities." -In Washington from 1993 to 2001 as the assistant secretary of the office of special education and rehabilitation services in the Clinton administration

Answer 38

-In 1973, 504 of the Rehabilitation Act was supposed to outlaw discrimination against disabled people by an institution receiving federal money -Important because it prevented discrimination in universities, hospitals, in government. And more importantly, one could sue -Joseph A. Califano Jr., the secretary of health, education, and welfare under President Jimmy Carter, wanted to overhaul the regulations before authorizing them -Heumann organized and appeared with more than 100 other people of varying disabilities to demand action from joseph Maldonado, the regional director who reported to Mr. Califano from San Francisco -Many protestors did not bring necessary supplies or even a change of clothes. The government cut the building's water and phone connections -The sit-in continued for almost a month (often been described as the longest nonviolent occupation of a Federal building in American history). Deaf protestors used sign language to pass messages out of the building. -The measure's provisions for federal institutions and activities prepared the way for the American with Disabilities Act of 1990

Answer 39

-In 1990, the ADA stalled in the house Committee on Public Works and Transportation -About 475 individuals, many in wheelchairs, gathered on the sidewalk in front of the White House to launch the "Wheels of Justice Campaign." -Sixty protestors with disabilities crawled or drag themselves, step by step, up the 78 marble stairs of the Capital's West Front to openly illustrate the struggles that people in the disabilities communities faces and spurred Congress to pass the ADA -Michael Winter, former Executive Director of the Berkeley Center of Independent Living: ~"Some people may have thought is was undignified for people in wheelchairs to crawl in that manner, but I felt that it was necessary to show the country what kinds of thing people with disabilities have to face on a day-to-day basis. We had to be willing to fight for what we believed in."

Answer 40

-Greek physician (5th century BC) who refocused medical science on the imbalance of the body rather than the will of gods -Understood women's bodies were different from men -A woman's purpose was to procreate; if she wasn't well, it was probably her womb that was to blame -Hysteria: the Greek worm for womb -The Cure: marriage and motherhood -Hippocratic medicine was through the lens of Christianity, and female anatomy was additionally burdened with the weight of original sin

Answer 41

-Hysteria is due to movement of the uterus ("hysteron") -A woman's body is physiologically cold and wet, and (men's are dry and warm). Uteruses get sick, especially if deprived of sex and procreation. These which widen female canals and cleanse the body. -Sexless uteruses produce toxic fumes and wander around the body. This causes anxiety, sense of suffocation, tremors, or even convulsions and paralysis -Cure: sex and acrid or fragrant fumigation of the face and genitals, to push the uterus back to its natural place inside the body -Victorian Age (1837-1901): smelling salts repelled the wandering womb because it disliked the pungent odor and would return to its place, allowing the woman to recover her consciousness

Answer 42

-American neurologist -Was a doctor in the Civil War who worked with never damage in flesh wounds and amputations -Developed "phantom limb" -Invented the term causalgia for the pain consequent upon never injury. In REFLEX PARALYSIS, he described the sudden weakness of the limbs on the side opposite of forebrain injury. He studied post-paralytic chorea and erythromelalgia and deduced that the cerebellum augments and reinforces movement

Answer 43

-Mitchell began as a doctor in the Civil War -Treated patients with sever bullet wounds and never damage. He observed that many of these men were rendered helpless and even "hysterical" by prolonged nerve pain -Mitchell adopted a regimen of rest and nutrition to help these men build up injured never tissue. Four major components that would late constitute the rest cure ~Rest, fattening diet, massage, and electricity -Fat and Blood reflects his experience that women with hysteria were often thin and anemic -Rest was six to eight weeks, in bed, with isolation from friends and family except for one female relative -The diet was heavy on eggs, dairy, and meat. Patients were force-fed if necessary -Nurses cleaned and fed them and turned them over in bed. Doctors used massage and electrotherapy to maintain muscle tone -Patients were sometimes prohibited from talking, reading, writing, and even sewing. However, Weir Mitchell also encouraged them to write their life histories.

Answer 44

-"Being naturally moved to rejoicing by this narrow escape, I wrote "The Yellow Wallpaper," with its embellishments and additions, to carry out the ideal (I never had hallucinations or objections to my mural decorations) and sent a copy to the physician who so nearly drove me mad. He never acknowledged it."

Answer 45

-Hysteria became politicized around 1890 (First Wave and the rise of the "new woman"): an independent. a challenging, confident, adventurous woman -"Hyserial" and "Crazy: were used mostly against women demanding entry to universities, particularly medical schools ("They're going to overwork their brains") and women who spoke publicly("abnormal, threatening and repulsive") -In 2017, Senator Kamala Harris was called "hysterical" by the former Trump aide Jason Miller for doing her job. (During a hearing, senators on the Senate Intelligence Committee, including Harris, were each allotted time to ask jeff Sessions, then attorney general, about his involvement with Russians during the 2016 election.) When pressed as to how she was hysterical, Miller replied, "I mean, she was asking some tough questions."

Answer 46

-Means "the absence of life force" -Also called nervous exhaustion, never deficiency, or nerve weakness -Symptoms included fatigue, headache, and anxiety -The neurologist George Miller Beard popularized the term in 1869. It referred to those for those who "had exhausted their store of reckless, of sexually ptofilgate behavior" -More than a disease, it was a "condition of modern life." -A patient's nerves had been fatigued to such a thorough degree that securing certain structural and functional repair required putting "all the tissues of the body, including those of the brain cells," temporarily "out of commission" -Statis was required to repair. Highly visible signs of the cure pronounced the healthy regeneration of the previously damaged nerve tissue

Answer 47

-Mitchell sent anxious men out West to engage in cattle roping, hunting, roughriding and male bonding -Neurastenic men could strengthen their nervous system by engaging in "a sturdy contest with Nature" -Such a challenge would allow a man to test his willpower and reinforce his masculinity, which had been weakened by the feminizing effects of nervous illness -Under great nervous stress, "the strong man becomes like the average woman" -The West Cure also promoted physical fitness, allowing patients to attain the manly, muscular build popular at the time

Answer 48

-Educational exertion resulted in uterine disease, hysteria, chorea (an involuntary movement disorder), increased menstrual cramps, and hemorrhaging, along with "a dropping out of maternal instincts, and an appearance of Amazonian coarseness and force." -Women’s wider pelvises, which when mounted with the weight of the body, cause their thighs to splay out, making standing and walking more difficult (and thus more taxing) than for men. -Development of a woman's ovaries and uterus, particularly during her teens and twenties, was such an exhausting physical feat that the body could not tolerate any additional stress, particularly when it came to exercise and "outdoor pursuits." -Clarke advocated fewer physical and intellectual demands for women overall and total bed rest during the weeks of their periods. -A failure to do so would undoubtedly cause a woman to lose "her feminine attractions, and probably also her chief feminine functions."

Answer 49

-Among the men treated: Walt Whitman, painter Thomas Eakin, novelist Owen Wister, and future US President Theodore Roosevelt -In the 1880s, Roosevelt visited the Dakotas several times to treat his asthma and neurasthenic symptoms -Before heading West, Roosevelt's effeminate looks and high voice provoked comparisons to Oscar Wilde -Like many men of his generation, Roosevelt felt that masculinity was forged by conflict, an attitude that carried over into his imperialist foreign policy

Answer 50

-John M. Gould, founder of the White Mountian Club and How to Camp Out -Military Model ~"Marches; male camping pals, were instructed to form "companies" with clear duties and timetables" -By the dawn of the twentieth century, in both Britain and America, wilderness education had become based almost solely on this military training model -Military-inspired language like "attacking" the trail, "conquering" a mountain, and "hitting" a section od rapids became commonplace -Most marches would be too difficult for ladies, particularly of routes that included loose rocks or tangles of low-growing trees. Sites must be close to home. Stoves could be delivered, along with discarded doors women could stand upon while dressing. Sleeping outside was out of the question during any kind of precipitation; instead, schoolhouses or sawmills should be located as shelter

Answer 51

-Women with abdominal pain wait in emergency rooms for 65 minutes, compared with 49 minutes for men -Male patients are given pain relief, while women, who are more likely to have their pain rated as "emotional," are given sedatives. This also extends to children; a study of postoperative pain management found that boys were more likely to receive codeine and girls the gentler acetaminophen -Young women are seven times more likely to be sent home from a hospital while in the middle of a heart attack -Doctors rarely communicate (or understand) how drugs from aspirin to antidepressants affect women and men differently. Autoimmune disorders have been understudied because three-fourths of the patients are women

Answer 52

-Black patients are 22 times less likely to get any kind of pain relief in emergency rooms -A 2016 study of more than 200 medical students presented absurd, made-up statements on race and medicine. half gave credence to statements like: Black people have less sensitive nerve endings than white people -A 2005 study found that almost 80% of animal pain studies used only males -A 1986 study on the influence of obesity on breast and uterine cancer infamously failed to enroll any women in the study

Answer 53

-To bear witness to this moment of undoing is to find the strength and spiritual will to meet the dark and smoldering landscape where we live -I will mark my heart with an "X" made of ash that says, The power to restore life resides here. The future of our species will be decided here. -Hand on my heart, I pledge of allegiance to the only home I will ever know

Answer 54

-"What we realized very early is that Americans don't have a single viewpoint on climate change. People divide into just believers and deniers, but that's done real violence to the truth

Answer 55

-Alarmed -Concerned -Cautious -Disengaged -Doubtful -Dismissive

Answer 56

-"It's like everything I was brought up to believe is bullshit. But everything she said was true. She knew, and no one believed her, not even me."

Answer 57

-"If we can recognize that we don't know what will happen, that the future does not yet exist but is being made in the present, then we can be moved to participate in making that future... Many acts have had a huge positive impact but not immediately or directly and so learning to value slow and indirect consequences is crucial to recognizing the nature of change ~Rebecca Solnit

Answer 58

-Panel in 1981 for the Yucca Mountain Project -Philosophers Francoise Bastide and Paolo Fabbri decided that the most durable message we have is culture; religion, folklore, belief systems -Their proposal ~Genetically engineer a cat that changes color when around radiation. Would be released into the wild to warn people they were in the presence of radiation

Answer 59

-Experiment in cultural engineering -The Artist ~"In other words, I had to write a song about nuclear waste so catchy and annoying that it might be handed down from generation to generation over a span of 10,000 years"

Answer 60

-Keep her job if she is pregnant ~Before the Pregnancy Discrimination Act was passed in 1978, women could be fired for being pregnant -Get a Credit Card ~The Equal Credit Opportunity Act was passed in 1974 -Serve on a jury ~In 1973, women could serve on juries in all 50 states (Utah allowed it in 1879) -Fight on the front lines ~Military ban on women in combat was lifted in 2013 -Pay the same as men for health insurance ~Sex discrimination wasn't outlawed in health insurance until 2010 -Refuse to have sex with her husband ~In 1993, marital rape became criminalized in all 50 states

Answer 61

-Even though waves help us define specific movements and periods, each wave includes sub-groups. These sub-groups can often conflict -Takeaway ~YEs, we use these terms, but they don't speak to what every person, institution, or government entity was acting upon at the time

Answer 62

-Starts with Seneca Convention, 1848 -The Declaration of Sentiments affirmed women's equality with men and passed a dozen resolutions calling for various specific rights, including the right to vote -The right to vote passed on a second round and by one vote -The first wave is primarily concerned with the right to vote but can include the right to bodily autonomy, women's health, and women's economic independence

Answer 63

-Both of her parents were immigrants. Her Russian father was a jeweler, and her Hungarian mother was a journalist who gave up the profession to start a family -Attended Smith College as a psychology student, where she began seeing social issues with a more radical perspective -Began postgraduate work at the UC Berkeley but abandoned it after pressure from her boyfriend. But the let him before moving to Greenwich Village -Began work in labor journalism centered on working class women in labor unions, which included African Americans and Puerto Ricans -Worked freelance while married with three children

Answer 64

-“The problem lay buried, unspoken, for many years in the minds of American women. It was a strange stirring, a sense of dissatisfaction, a yearning that women suffered in the middle of the twentieth century in the United States. Each suburban wife struggled with it alone. As she made the beds, shopped for groceries, matched slipcover material, ate peanut butter sandwiches with her children, chauffeured Cub Scouts and Brownies, lay beside her husband at night—she was afraid to ask even of herself the silent question—Is this all?

Answer 65

-As a Smith reunion, Friedan planned to survey her classmate who had worried that a college education would get in the way of raising a family -Instead, she found a lack of fulfillment among the housewives. Other college-educated women she interviewed felt the same, and she found herself questioning her own life role in the process -"Gradually, without seeing is clearly for quite a while," Friedan writes in the preface, "I came to realize that something is very wrong with the way American women are trying to live their lives today

Answer 66

-Call for a re-evaluation of traditional gender roles in society and an end to sexist discrimination -Nation Women's Political Caucus formed by Betty Friedan, Gloria Steinem, and Bella Abzug in 1971 -Landmark changes ~Roe v. Wade ~ Griswold V. Connecticut (1965) *Right to birth control ~Equal Pay Act (1963) *Equal pay for equal work ~Equal rights Amendment passed Congress in 1972

Answer 67

-Earned a college scholarship to college after graduating first in her class from a Catholic high school. Graduated from Washington University and earned a Master’s Degree in government from Radcliffe College at Harvard University. -Worked on an assembly line at a munitions factory during World War II to pay for part of her college tuition. -Worked in Washington, D.C., for the conservative think tank American Enterprise Institute and on conservative political campaigns for members of Congress. -Founded the Eagle Forum in 1972, a conservative political interest group, which she oversaw until her death in 2016. -Critiqued for speaking out against feminist causes and working women while she pursued an active career, including a law degree from the Washington University in St. Louis Law School in 1978.

Answer 68

-“In the last decade, publications from the New York Times to Vanity Fair to the Nation have ... [held] the campaign for women's equality responsible for nearly every woe besetting women, from mental depression to meager savings accounts, from teenage suicides to eating disorders to bad complexions... -“The authors of the era's self-help classic Smart Women/Foolish Choices proclaim that women's distress was ‘an unfortunate consequence of feminism,’ because ‘it created a myth among women that the apex of self- realization could be achieved only through autonomy, independence, and career.’ -“As a California sheriff explained it to the press, ‘Women are enjoying a lot more freedom now, and as a result, they are committing more crimes.’ -“The U.S. Attorney General's Commission on Pornography even proposed that women's professional advancement might be responsible for rising rape rates. With more women in college and at work now, the commission members reasoned in their report, women just have more opportunities to be raped.

Answer 69

-Two Messages ~Feminism has already changed everything, and ~Feminism itself was the reason that women were now miserable -Women's difficulties were cast as a sign that the movement had gone too far-not that is still had far to go

Answer 70

-The Frist and Second waves tend to exclude Black feminists (like Sojourner Truth and Ida B. Wells) -The right to vote didn't address obstacles that women of color faced until the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 -the Seoncd wave is centered on the right of white, cisgender, college-educated, heterosexual women

Answer 71

-The Harvard Business School surveyed more than 330 engineers in the U.S. (43% female, 57% male) from 2013-2017, and spoke with more than 20 female engineers at professional conferences in the U.S. and Canada. -Women leave at much higher rates than men, often because of the stress that comes with being female in a male-dominated field. -This stress can be from gender discrimination or harassment or subtle, like when women feel that their contributions are less valued than their male peers’ because tasks and roles have been gendered.

Answer 72

-Early in their training, engineers learn there are two sets of skills required in engineering: “hard” engineering skills (such as technical ability and problem solving) and softer “professional” skills (such as communication, relationship building, and teamwork). -Many female engineers felt drawn to tasks that were not purely technical like people, communication, and organization skills, in addition to technical skills. -Interviews with male engineers confirmed that these were lesser skills. -Women are more than twice as likely to leave their jobs in tech than men, with many citing the lack of advancement opportunities and pay gap as reasons to leave. By age 35, 50 percent of women in tech leave their jobs, which is a rate 45 percent higher than men.

Answer 73

-Women are 47 percent more likely to be injured in car crashes because the safety features were designed for men. -A 2021 study by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) found that women are still much more likely to be injured, despite men driving more and exhibiting more reckless behavior behind the wheel. -Women are 37 to 73 percent more likely to get seriously injured in a crash and 20 to 28 percent more likely to be killed. -The underlying cause: Men tend to drive larger cars and be the car that struck another vehicle.

Answer 74

“Let this dismissal of a woman’s experience move you to anger. Turn that outrage into political power. Do not vote for them unless they work for us. Do not have sex with them, do not break bread with them, do not nurture them if they don’t prioritize our freedom to control our bodies and our lives. I am not a post feminism feminist. I am the Third Wave.”

Answer 75

-Women encouraged to express their sexuality and individuality. -Against sexism, sexual harassment, domestic abuse, rape, patriarchal structures, and actively deconstructing the traditional image of femininity. -“Intersectionality,” or how types of oppression (based on race, class, gender, etc.) can overlap, including support for trans rights. -Riot Grrl & “Not a Pretty Girl” -Get Your Freak On & Push It

Answer 76

-Nearly half of all working women—46% or 28 million—work in jobs paying low wages, with median earnings of only $10.93 per hour. -The share of workers earning low wages is higher among Black women (54%) and Hispanic or Latina women (64%) than among white women (40%). -A substantial number of women support themselves and their families by working in low-wage jobs. -Forty-one percent live in households below 200% of the federal poverty level (equivalent to about $43,000 for a family of 3) a common measure capturing the working poor. More than one quarter receive safety net benefits like SNAP, Medicaid, Social Security, or other public assistance income. ~(Brookings Institution)

Answer 77

-One in four working women, 15.5 million, has a child under the age of 14 at home. -The school schedule is not created with the standard work schedule. -More than 10 million (17% of all working women) rely on childcare and schools. These women are working at least half time and do not live with a potential caregiver at home—another adult who is either out of the labor force or working less than half time. -In comparison, 12% of all working men are reliant on schools and childcare.

Answer 78

-The Pink Tax: razors, tampons, shampoo, dry cleaning, toys and accessories for girls (7% higher), senior home healthcare products. -H.R. 3853, the Pink Tax Repeal Act, is still making its way through Congress. -Pay Gap: white women in the U.S. working full- and part-time make 77% of what their male counterparts earn. Black women earn 58%, while Latinas earn 54%.

Answer 79

-Although women make up nearly 51 percent of the U.S. population, only 27% of Congress is represented by women.

Answer 80

-Hard to define but can be defined by social-media activism, like the #MeToo movement, as well as being sex positive and queer positive. -Coined by Tarana Burke in 2007, the #MeToo movement took off in 2017 with Harvey Weinstein. -Holds men accountable for their actions and looks at institutions of patriarchal power. -Interrogates internalized sexism and misogyny

Answer 81

-54 percent of women take maternity leave, while just 42 percent of men take time away from their jobs. -Women are taking 10 times as much temporary leave to be with their newborns than men do, often saddling them with additional financial burdens. Women are also more likely to work from home, look after sick kids, or even quit their jobs completely to be caretakers.

Answer 82

-According to the University of Chicago, women are often excluded from clinical trials for medications because the unfounded (and disproven since 2014) belief that females' hormonal cycles skew test results. -Not only are women excluded from clinical trials during later stages of medical research, but labs go so far as to use male mice instead of female mice during early stages of development. -Our basic understandings of illness and symptoms of disease are based on male physiology. -As a result, women are often misdiagnosed and overmedicated, ending up with higher concentrations of medication in their blood than men with the same prescriptions. -UC Berkeley found that in 90 percent of cases, women experienced side effects twice as often as men, including cognitive deficits, declines in mental health, nausea, headaches, hallucinations, and cardiac problems.

Answer 83

-Ku Klux Klan est. (1865) Bans on Interracial Relationships -Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): legalized segregation -Segregation at state level (1865– 1960s) and federal level (1896–1954) -Rise of lynchings across the US, especially the South (1880–1940s) -Brown v. Board of Education (1954) -Emmett Till murdered & Rosa Parks says no (1955)

Answer 84

-George Wallace becomes Governor of Alabama -In his inauguration speech, he declares, "Segregation now, segregation tomorrow, and segregation forever!"

Answer 85

-Betty Friedan's THE FEMININE MYSTIQUE reignites the Women's Movement

Answer 86

-April 3 ~Southern Christian Leadership Conference begins in Birmingham campaign against racial segregation with a sti-in -April 10 ~MLK and others are arrested for marching without a permit -April 16 ~MLK issues his Letter from Birmingham Jail

Answer 87

-May 2 ~Over 3,000 African American adults and children arrested while protesting segeration in Birmingham ~Public Saftey Commissioner Eugene "BULL" Connor unleashes fire hoses and police dogs on the demonstrators

Answer 88

-June 11 ~JFK proposes Congress pursue civil rights legislation on voting rights, public accommodations, school desegregation, and nondiscrimination in federally assisted programs

Answer 89

-June 12 ~Assassination in Jackson, MS ~Bacame a civil rights activist when he and fiver friends were turned away from a local election at gunpoint. He had just returned from the Battle of Normandy in World War II and realized fighting for his country did not spare him from racism or give him equal rights ~Involvement in two high-profile MS cases *The 1955 lynching of 14yo Emmett Till *The 1960 conviction of Clyde Kennard, a Black Civil rights activist framed for crimes he did not commit

Answer 90

-August 28 ~MLK delivers "I HAVE A DREAM" speech at Lincon Memorial as part of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

Answer 91

-September 15 ~The 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in Birmingham kills four children and injures 22

Answer 92

-November 22 ~President JFK assassinated in Dallas, TX

Answer 93

-July 2, 1964 ~President Lyndon Baines Johnson signs into law the Civil Rights Act *The act outlawed segregation in businesses such as theaters, restaurants, and hotels. It banned discriminatory practices in employment and ended segregation in public places such as swimming pools, libraries, and public schools.

Answer 94

-A large-scale, national movement to extend the rights of white Americans to Black Americans -These new rights covered education, public transportation, housing, voting, and labor laws

Answer 95

I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. Just as the eighth-century prophets left their little villages and carried their "thus saith the Lord" far beyond the boundaries of their hometowns ... I too am compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my particular hometown. Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all communities and states. I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham. *Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly affects all indirectly” (pars. 3-4).

Answer 96

*“Civil rights* means you're asking Uncle Sam to treat you right.*Human rights* are something you were born with. Human rights are your God-given rights. Human rights are the rights that are recognized by all nations of this earth. And any time anyone violates your human rights, you can take them to the world court. ... *How can you thank a man for giving you what's already yours? How then can you thank him for giving you only part of what's already yours?) You haven't even made progress; if what's being given to you, you should have had already.”

Answer 97

-I stand in the middle of two opposing forces ... One is a force of complacency ... The other force is one of bitterness and hatred and comes perilously close to advocating violence. It is expressed in the various black nationalist groups that are springing up over the nation ... It is made up of people who have lost faith in America, who have absolutely repudiated Christianity, and who have concluded that the white man is an incurable devil. ... *There is a more excellent way, of love and nonviolent protest.”*

Answer 98

“The political philosophy of black nationalism means that the black man should control the politics and the politicians in his own community. ... *Black people are fed up with the dillydallying, pussyfooting, compromising approach that we've been using toward getting our freedom.* We want freedom now, but we're not going to get it saying ‘We Shall Overcome.’ We've got to fight until we overcome. ... It is not necessary to change the white man's mind. We have to change our own mind. You can't change his mind about us. We've got to change our own minds about each other. *We have to see each other with new eyes.* We have to see each other as brothers and sisters.”

Answer 99

[Black nationalism] is made up of people who have lost faith in America ... We will reach the goal of freedom in Birmingham and all over the nation, *because the goal of America is freedom.* Abused and scorned though we may be, our destiny is tied up with the destiny of America. Before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, we were here. Before the pen of Jefferson scratched across the pages of history the majestic word of the Declaration of Independence, we were here. ... If the inexpressible cruelties of slavery could not stop us, the opposition we now face will surely fail. *We will win our freedom because the sacred heritage of our nation and the eternal will of God are embodied in our echoing demands.*

Answer 100

The same government that you go abroad to fight for and die for is the government that is in a conspiracy to deprive you of your voting rights, deprive you of your economic opportunities, deprive you of decent housing, deprive you of decent education. ... *It is the government itself, the government of America, that is responsible for the oppression and exploitation and degradation of black people in this country.* ... I don't believe in any kind of integration.”; I'm not even worried about it, because I know you're not going to get it anyway ..

Answer 101

-The attitude of the imprisoned group may take three main forms,—*[1] a feeling of revolt and revenge; [2] an attempt to adjust all thought and action to the will of the greater group; or, finally, [3] a determined effort at self-realization and self-development despite environing opinion.* -“The influence of all of these attitudes at various times can be traced in the history of the American Negro, and in the evolution of his successive leaders.”

Answer 102

-Between me and the other world there is ever an unasked question: ~How does it feel to be a problem?

Answer 103

-December 10, 1924: The Society for Human Rights is founded by Henry Gerber in Chicago. -First gay rights organization and oldest documented in America. -Has to disband shortly after due to political pressure.

Answer 104

-Psychologist and psychiatrists in the 1940s considered homosexuality a form of illness. -1948: Kinsey concludes that homosexual behavior is not restricted to people who identify as homosexual and that 37% of men have enjoyed homosexual activities at least once.

Answer 105

-April 1952: American Psychiatric Association lists homosexuality as a sociopathic personality disturbance. -August 30, 1956: In "The Adjustment of the Male Overt Homosexual," American psychologist Evelyn Hooker concludes heterosexuals and homosexuals do not differ significantly. Changes clinical perceptions of homosexuality. -December 15, 1973: APA board removes homosexuality from its list of mental illnesses.

Answer 106

-December 15, 1950: Senate report titled "Employment of Homosexuals and Other Sex Perverts in Government.” -Lavender Scare: More than 4,380 gay men and women discharged from the military and around 500 fired from their jobs with the government. -Report states homosexuals "constitute security risks" to the nation because "those who engage in overt acts of perversion lack the emotional stability of normal persons.” -April 27, 1953: Eisenhower signs Executive Order 10450, banning homosexuals from working for the federal government or any of its private contractors. Lists homosexuals as security risks, along with alcoholics and neurotics.

Answer 107

-June 28, 1969: Vice squads–police units devoted to “cleaning up” undesirable parts of urban life– arrive at Stonewall. -Those arrested resisted the police officers. Crowd overwhelmed police, who were forced to call in reinforcements. -More and more people joined the riots from around the Village as word spread. -Showed that LGBTQ people could and would fight against injustice. Served as inspiration for many who would later run for office

Answer 108

-June 28, 1970: Christopher Street Liberation Day commemorates the one-year anniversary of the Stonewall riots. -Following the event, thousands of members of the LGBT community marched through New York into Central Park

Answer 109

-Mothers of the disappeared in Argentina, Mothers Against Drunk Driving, Woman’s Peace Party, “Wall of Moms” in the Black Lives Matter movement, climate activism, and Moms Demand Action. -Authorities are less likely to use violence against moms and, because everyone has a mother, they’re highly relatable (Danielle Poe, Maternal Activism: The Ethical Ambiguity Faced by Mothers Confronting Injustice)

Answer 110

-Founder of PFLAG (Parents, Families, and Friends of Lesbians and Gays) became involved after son Morty was brutally beaten at a protest rally in 1972 and her other son’s death. -A police officer told her Morty had been arrested. When the officer asked if Jeanne knew he was homosexual, she responded, “Yes, I know. Why are you bothering him?” -"What Jeanne Manford did was she put it in people's heads that gay and lesbian people had parents, that we were somebody's children, and that was the first real big step in the movement toward full acceptance of lesbian, gay, bi, and trans people” – Dan Savage

Answer 111

-Traditionally, sodomy has been referred to as a “crime against nature” by various courts. Under common law, sodomy mainly consisted of anal sex but eventually included oral sex. -As recently as 1960considered illegal for, but the law banning sodomy was often enforced only against homosexuals. -January 1, 1962: Illinois becomes the first U.S. state to decriminalize homosexuality. -1969: Kansas is first of nine states to explicitly write sodomy laws to only apply to gay people. Followed in the 1970s by Arkansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, Tennessee, and Texas. Maryland and Oklahoma decided that sodomy laws could not be applied to private heterosexual conduct, leaving what amounted to same-sex only laws in effect. -Not repealed on federal level until Lawrence vs. Texas (2003). (ACLU, 2022)

Answer 112

-Limited the ability of gay people to raise children. -Justified denying gay parents custody of their own children. -Justified refusing to let gay people adopt and refusing to let gay people become foster parents. -Justified firing gay people or denying gay people jobs

Answer 113

-June 7, 1977: Singer and conservative Southern Baptist Anita Bryant leads a successful campaign with the "Save Our Children" Crusade to repeal a gay rights ordinance in Dade County, Florida. -1981: Falwell’s Old Time Gospel letter. -“Let me repeat, a massive homosexual revolution can bring the judgement of God upon this nation. Our children must not be recruited to a profane lifestyle.”

Answer 114

-November 8, 1977: Milk wins a seat on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors and introduces a gay rights ordinance protecting gays and lesbians from being fired from their jobs. Also leads a successful campaign against Proposition 6, an initiative forbidding homosexual teachers. -November 27, 1978: Due to jealousy and depression, former city supervisor Dan White assassinates Milk. -May 21, 1979: Outraged by White’s seven-year sentence, more than 5,000 protesters ransack San Francisco's City Hall. -May 22: 10,000 people gather for a peaceful demonstration to commemorate what would have been Milk's 49th birthday

Answer 115

-October 14, 1979 ~An estimated 75,00 people participated in the National March on Washinton for Lesbian and Gay Rights to push for equal civil rights

Answer 116

-1981: Detected in California and New York. The first cases are among gay men, then injection-drug users. A total of 159 cases of the new disease are recorded in the U.S. -From the piece you read, what was this experience like? -1982: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) establishes the term Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). US Congress convenes first hearings on HIV/AIDS. ~771 cases; 618 deaths -1983: 2,807 cases; 2,118 deaths -1984: Ryan White, a 13-year-old boy from Indiana with hemophilia, becomes infected with HIV from a contaminated blood treatment. ~ 7,239 cases; 5,596 deaths

Answer 117

-1985: Reagan first mentions the word AIDS in public. -1985: The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licenses first HIV test for screening blood supplies. -Movie star Rock Hudson announces that he has AIDS and dies. First major celebrity to succumb to the disease. -Ryan White is barred from school and becomes a national spokesperson against AIDS stigma and discrimination. ~15,527 cases ~12,529 deaths

Answer 118

-1987: CDC launches first public service announcements about AIDS. -1987: FDA approves AZT for treating AIDS. ~50,378 cases; 40,849 deaths -1989: Congress creates the National Commission on AIDS. ~117,508 cases; 89,343 deaths -1990: Congress passes the Ryan White Care Act, shortly before his death, a month before his high school graduation. ~160,969 cases; 120,453 deaths

Answer 119

-Los Angeles Lakers basketball star Earvin "Magic" Johnson retires abruptly after announcing he has contracted HIV. ~206,563 cases; 156,143 deaths -1992: AIDS becomes the No. 1 killer of US men ages 25 to 44. -Tennis star Arthur Ashe announces he has AIDS. ~254,147 cases; 194,476 deaths -1994: AIDS becomes leading cause of death for all Americans ages 25 to 44. ~441,528 cases; 270,870 deaths

Answer 120

-December 21, 1993: The Department of Defense issues "Don't Ask, Don't Tell." -September 21, 1996: President Clinton signs the Defense of Marriage Act. Defines marriage as a legal union between one man and one woman and no state is required to recognize a same-sex marriage from out of state. -Civil unions (beginning with Vermont, in 2000) are considered “separate but equal.” Couples were denied 1,100 federal rights through marriage.

Answer 121

-All federal and state benefits are available. -Claim Social Security benefits based on spouse’s work history. -Leave unlimited assets to each other without triggering federal estate taxes. -Can file as a married couple and gain lower tax rates when the individual income of the partners differs significantly. -Provide healthcare, nursing home care, and unpaid leave through the workplace. -Same property owner survivorship rights/joint ownership. -Legal framework for dealing with death (e.g., property, parental rights, or taxes). Otherwise, couples must create a contract. -Legal marriage can be one of the easier ways to become a citizen in the U.S. DOMA prevented that access to citizenship

Answer 122

-December 18, 2010: "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" repealed -February 23, 2011: President Obama states his administration will no longer defend the Defense of Marriage Act\ -June 24, 2011: New York State passes the Marriage Equity Act June 26, 2015: Obergefell v. Hodges -December 2022: Same-Sex Marriage Bill Passes Senate (also protects interracial marriages)

Answer 123

-Nearly 8 in 10 Americans (79%) support laws protecting LGBTQ+ people from discrimination in jobs, housing and public accommodations (Public Religion Research Institute). -Nearly 70 percent of Americans support same-sex marriage, up from 54 percent in 2014. -The number of transgender and non-binary people elected to public office has grown from 25 in 2019 to at least 70 this year (LGBTQ+ Victory Fund).

Answer 124

-The annual number of anti-LGBTQ+ bills filed has grown from 41 in 2018 to 238 by March 2022. -Restrict LGBTQ+ issues in school curriculums, permit religious exemptions to discriminate against LGBTQ+ people and limit trans people’s ability to play sports, use bathrooms that correspond with their gender identity, and receive gender-affirming health care. -Indiana A.C.L.U. filed a lawsuit on April 5 after the governor signed a ban on gender-affirming care into law; families have sued in Florida; and advocates in other states have signaled their intent to sue. Court injunctions have temporarily stopped bans that were passed in previous years in Alabama and Arkansas (New York Times).

Answer 125

-The denial of dignity to one segment of the political community, then, threatens the dignity of all. This was true for Douglass and his time—it inspired his support for women’s suffrage and his opposition to the Chinese Exclusion Act—and it is true for us and ours as well. *To deny equal respect and dignity to any part of the citizenry is to place the entire country on the road to tiered citizenship and limited rights, to liberty for some and hierarchy for the rest*

Answer 126

-The realization of equitable access to social, economic, and political life regardless of linguistic repertoire” (Gazzola et al., 2021, as quoted by Nee et al., 2022). -Dismantles Anti-Black Linguistic Racism and white linguistic supremacy (Baker-Bell, 2021).

Answer 127

-Standard English is a dialect. It is not the only way to speak. -There is no one right way to speak. We adapt our ways to speaking to the situations we are in and the people we are talking to. -Language is always changing

Module 2 Flashcards

(151 cards)