Module 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Name the breakup of the nervous system
A
nervous system ->
(1) CNS, (2) PNS ->
(1) brain (1) spinal cord, (2) somatic nervous system (2) autonomic nervous system (2) enteric nervous system
2
Q
structures towards the brain’s midline are
A
medial
3
Q
structures atop the brain or structures within the brain are
A
dorsal
4
Q
anterior is the
A
front
5
Q
posterior is the
A
back
6
Q
structures towards the bottom of the brain or one of its parts are
A
ventral
7
Q
describe where rostral is
A
8
Q
describe where sagittal is
A
9
Q
describe where superior is
A
10
Q
describe where caudal is
A
11
Q
describe where coronal is
A
12
Q
describe where frontal is
A
13
Q
describe where horizontal is
A
14
Q
describe where interior is
A
15
Q
describe where superficial is
A
16
Q
what are meninges
A
the 3 layers of protective tissue around the brain
1.) dura mater
- outermost
2.) arachnoid membrane
- middle
3.) pia mater
- innermost (after the subarachnoid space -> filled with CSF)
- CSF = cerebrospinal fluid (colourless, sodium, chloride + more)
- “soft mother” (tough inner layer)
17
Q
what is the cerebral cortex
A
2 hemispheres
18
Q
What are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex
A
1.) frontal
2.) parietal
3.) temporal
3.) occipital
19
Q
what is the frontal lobe responsible for
A
executive function
20
Q
what is the parietal lobe responsible for
A
somatosensation (sensory integration)
21
Q
what is the occipital lobe responsible for
A
vision
22
Q
what is the temporal lobe responsible for
A
memory and language (also auditory, taste, smell and memory)
23
Q
Where are the anterior, middle and posterior cerebral artery
A
figure it out man
24
Q
Gray matter is composed of
A
cell bodies and blood vessels
25
white matter is composed of
neural axons (glial cells)
26
what is the corpus callosum
fiber system connecting the 2 cerebral hemispheres
27
what are the interconnected cerebral ventricles
winged-shaped cavities with CSF made by a network of interconnected blood vessels
2-> ___ ___
| | | | <- 4
3 -> |
[]
[] <- 5
28
what does the CSF do
suspends brain
shock absorber
provides protection form mild head blows
stable environment for optimal function
29
describe the structure of a neuron and the pathway of electrical signals
-fsjfnk
30
what is a tract
collection of nerve fibers in the CNS
31
what is a nerve
bundle of fibers outside the CNS
32
Evolution of the brain (what were the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain made of?)
forebrain
1.) telencephalon
2.) diencephalon
midbrain
1.) mesencephalon
hindbrain
1.) metencephalon
2.) myelencephalon
33
the spinal cord controls
body movement
34
the brainstem is responsible for
receiving afferent nerves and sends efferent nerves
responsible for most life-sustaining behaviour
35
T/F the hindbrain is the oldest part of the brain
True
36
what is the hindbrain responsible for
- various motor functions (breathing to balance)
- integrate voluntary and involuntary movements
37
what is the midbrain responsible for
produces orienting movements
species-specific behaviour
pain perception
tegmentum = in cross section
38
know the structure of the brain, take a test or sum
39
what is the diencephalon
the "between brain" which integrates sensory and motor info on its way to the cerebral cortex. 2 main parts;
1.) hypothalamus
temp regulation
eating
drinking
sexual behaviour
2.) thalamus
information from sensory system is organized, integrated and projected into the appropriate regions of the neocortex
40
what is the forebrain responsible for
integrate sensation
motivation
emotion
memory
advanced cognitive function
41
what are the structures of the forebrain
neocortex (cerebral cortex)
basal ganglia
allocortex (hippocampus and amygdala)
42
the 3 layered cortex and 4 layered cortex is
allocortex
43
the 6 layered cortex is
neocortex
44
what does the oculomotor cranial nerve do
eye movement
45
what does the trochlear cranial nerve do
eye movement
46
what does the abducens cranial nerve do
eye movement
47
what does the trigeminal cranial nerve do
masticatory movements + facial sensation
48
what does the glossopharyngeal cranial nerve do
hearing + balance
49
what does the vagus cranial nerve do
heart, blood vessels, viscera, movement of larynx and pharynx
50
what does the spinal accessory cranial nerve do
neck movement
51
what does the hypoglossal cranial nerve do
tongue movement
52
T/F Layer IV is relatively thin in the sensory cortex.
False; it's thick because there's a lot of afferent sensory info from the thalamus connected there
53
T/F layers V and VI are relatively thick in the motor neocortex and sensory neocortex
False: thick in the motor, thin in the sensory
54
Brodmann (1909) defined areas of the brain based on the
organization and characteristics of the cells
figured out touch (1, 2, 3, 5), vision (17) and hearing (42) regions
55
T/F the somatic nervous system is controlled by the CNS
true
56
what are the regions of the vertebrae from top to bottom
1.) cervical
2.) thoracic
3.) lumbar
4.) sacral
5.) coccygeal
57
test yourself on the diagram of spinal nerve connections
58
the autonomic nervous system is responsible for
regulating internal functions without conscious awareness
broken down into 2 sections, sympathetic and parasympathetic
59
the sympathetic nervous system forms __ conncetions
ipsilateral
60
is the sympathetic nervous system fight or flight or rest and digest
fight or flight
61
is the parasympathetic nervous system fight or flight or rest and digest
rest + digest
62
what are the 3 classes of neurons
1.) multiploar
2.) bipolar
3.) unipolar
63
multipolar neurons can be described as
1 axon
multiple dendrites
most abundant
communicate sensory + motor info in the brain
64
bipolar neurons can be described as
1 axon
1 dendrite
involved in sensory perception
their one axon and dendrite help acquire and pass sensory information to various centers in the brain
65
unipolar neurons can be described as
1 axon
no dendrites
single extension branches into 2 directions to form an input and output zone
ideal for relaying info forward
transmission of physiological info from the body's periphery
66
pyramid neurons are what kind of neuron
multipolar neuron
most abundant excitatory cell time in mammalian cortical structures (suggesting they play important role in advanced cognitive functions)
67
stellate cells are what kind of neuron
multipolar
star-like
major inhibitory type of cell in the brain
68
T/F bipolar neurons are often found in motor systems
False; they're often in sensory systems to relay the transduction of electrical signals from sensory neurons to rural conduction of the brain
69
T/F olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar
True, their dendrites project to the mucous
70
what are dendritic spines
protrude from the dendrite to increase the surface area and is USUALLY the point on contact
71
T/F action potential begins in the axon hillock
true
72
what are axon collaterals
branches of an axon
73
what is a telodendria
end of axon branches
74
what is a terminal button
knob at tip of axon that conveys info to other neurons (also called end foot)
75
what is a synapse
gap between one neuron and another
76
what are the 3 functional units of neurons
1.) sensory
- carries sensory info afferent to spinal cord
2.) motor
- sends efferent signals to muscles
- in lower brainstem and spinal cord
- all efferent neural info must pass through them
3.) interneuron
- associate sensory and motor activity in the CNS
77
T/F sensory neurons are bipolar
true
78
what is the brain cell that brings sensory info from the body to the spinal cord
somatosensory neuron (type of sensory neuron)
79
Purkinje cells are shaped like
a fan
80
what are 3 important interneuron cells
1.) stellate cell
- small
- bigger brain = more stellate cells
2.) pyramid cell
- carry info from cortex to rest of CNS
3.) purkinje cell
- carry info from cerebellum to the rest of CNS
81
what are transmembrane proteins
proteins in the membrane that form channels
82
what are the 5 classes of glial cells
1.) ependymal cell
2.) astrocyte
3.) microglial cell
4.) oligodendroglial cell
5.) schwann cell
83
what do glial cells do
insulation, myelin, etc
errors in their replication are the main source of abnormal growths (brain tumors)
84
astrocyte characteristics
- star shaped, symmetrical
- neuron structural support
- transports substances between neurons and capillaries
- enhance brain activity
- blood-brain barrier
- promote healing of damaged brain tissue
85
microglia characteristics
- originate in blood (immune system offshoot)
- scavenges debris (phagocytosis)
- monitor health of brain tissue
- play role in brain immune system (identify + attack foreign tissue, invade areas in need of growth/repair)
86
oliogendroglia characteristics
glial cells in the CNS that myelinate axons
87
schwann cells characteristics
glial cells in the PNS that myelinate axons
