Module 2

Question 1

Introduction
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Answer 1

In the Philippines today as well as all over the world, the alarming rate of environmental degradation poses a very serious problem. The adverse environmental issues and problems the world is experiencing nowadays necessities a drive toward environmental conservation and sustainable development. This means that the people must collaborate, cooperate, and work hand-in-hand to save Mother Earth from environmental havoc. Environmental awareness, consciousness, and understanding require the adoption of new values and change of habits and lifestyles towards the preservation and conservation of the environment. The people must provide solutions to the environmental problems of their community and inculcate in their minds the need to love, care, and nurture the environment. Thus, environmental education, information, and advocacy activities are deemed necessary to provide solutions to environmental crises.

Question 2

is the study of the relationships between living organisms and their environment.

Answer 2

Ecology

Question 3

Two types of ecology

Answer 3

1. Autecology
2. Synecology

Question 4

deals with the relationships between an organism or population and the environment.

Answer 4

Autecology

Question 5

focuses on the relationship between communities and their environment.

Answer 5

Synecology

Question 6

It is a group of organisms belonging to the same species living together in a certain area or habitat.

Answer 6

Population

Question 7

It is a group of organisms belonging to different species living together and interacting in a certain area or habitat.

Answer 7

Community

Question 8

It is a group of organisms and their interaction or interrelationships with the nonliving environment.

Answer 8

Ecosystem

Question 9

It is composed of all living organisms on or around the earth.

Answer 9

Biosphere

Question 10

It is the physical space occupied by an organism and its functional role in the ecosystem.

Answer 10

Ecological niche

Question 11

It is the place where an organism lives.

Answer 11

Habitat

Question 12

is the interaction of the living organisms and the nonliving environment.

Answer 12

ecosystem

Question 13

Two compositions of ecosystem

Answer 13

1. Biotic or Living components
2. Abiotic or nonliving components

Question 14

such as plants, animals, and microorganisms.

Answer 14

Biotic or Living components

Question 15

includes air, water, soil, inorganic substances (carbon, nitrogen,etc.), organic substance (protein, carbohydrate etc.)

Answer 15

Abiotic or nonliving components

Question 16

Two components of ecosystem

Answer 16

1. Autotrophs
2. Heterotrophs

Question 17

these are the organisms that fix light energy and use simple inorganic substances to build up complex substances which include plants.

Answer 17

Autotrophs

Question 18

these are the organisms that utilize, rearrange, and decompose complex materials, particularly animal, bacteria, and fungi.

Answer 18

Heterotrophs

Question 19

Three components of the litosphere

Answer 19

1. Soil
2. Rock
3. Sediments

Question 20

It is a complex mixture of rock fragments, highly altered minerals, organic debris, and living organisms that support plants in the terrestrial environment.

Answer 20

Soil

Question 21

These are consolidated units of the earth’s crust which consist of minerals that have come together by hardening or lithification of sediments, by solidification from a molten mass, or by alteration of a preexisting rock.

Answer 21

Rocks

Question 22

These are rock fragments that may or may not be chemically altered by weathering which are carried by wind or water.

Answer 22

Sediments

Question 23

is the transfer of energy and material through a series of organisms as each one is fed upon by the next (Nobel and Wright, 1998,2000).

Answer 23

The Food Chain

Question 24

​The sun’s energy causes water to evaporate and rise into the atmosphere as water vapor. Most evaporation occurs over the cycle’s greatest reservoir, the ocean. A smaller proportion of evaporation takes place over land from lakes, rivers, and other bodies of water.

Answer 24

Evaporation

Question 25

​Water stored in plant tissues diffuses through the cell membrane, escapes mostly from the leaves, and enters the atmosphere as water vapor.

Answer 25

Transpiration

Question 26

Biogeochemical cycles can be divided into two basic types:

Answer 26

Gaseous Nutrient Cycle
Sedimentary Nutrient Cycle

Question 27

in which the reservoir of the nutrients is the atmosphere.

Answer 27

Gaseous Nutrient cycle

Question 28

in which the nutrient reservoir is sedimentary rock, soil and minerals.

Answer 28

Sedimentary Nutrient cycle

Question 29

is a typical gaseous nutrient cycle. The major reservoir of nitrogen is the earth’s atmosphere.

Answer 29

Nitrogen Cycle

Question 30

is a typical sedimentary nutrient cycle. The major reservoir of phosphorus is sedimentary rock, which is only available to the basic cycle in small amounts as a result of weathering.

Answer 30

Phosphorus cycle

Question 31

Five Interactions of Organisms

Answer 31

Mutualism
Competition
Parasitism
Predation
Commensalism

Question 32

is a biological interaction in which the growth and survival of both interacting species are enhanced.

Answer 32

Mutualism

Question 33

is a type of interaction between two populations in which they vie for the same limited resources.

Answer 33

Competition

Question 34

is a type of interaction between a host and a parasite.

Answer 34

Parasitism

Question 35

is the relationship between the prey and the predator.

Answer 35

Predation

Question 36

is a type of interaction between two species population benefits and the other is unaffected.

Answer 36

Commensalism

Question 37

is an ecosystem which is modified or regulated by man in order to produce food. It is self-sufficient where the living organisms and nonliving components of the environment interact to exchange energy and matter in a continuing cycle.

Answer 37

Agroecosystem

Question 38

The agroecosystem is characterized by the following features:

Answer 38

1. The farmer decides the plant (species and variety) to grow.
2. It is composed of one or few species only, simple flora.
3. The age and status of growing plants is uniform.
4. The farmer supplies water and fertilizer uniformly.
5. The farmers harvest the products and remove them all away from the yield (continuity is short).
6. Insect fauna is simple, comprising of their pests and natural enemies.
7. There is an order of arriving of organisms: crops, pests and natural enemies.
8. It is ecologically unstable due to simple flora and fauna and low natural control effect.
9. The chances of pest outbreak is high.

Question 39

Properties of Agroecosystem

Answer 39

1. Productivity is the desired output of a system or output of valued product per unit resource input. It is measured in terms of crop yield or net income.
2. Stability is the property of short-term homeostasis or the consistency of productivity in the face of small, disturbing forces arising from the normal fluctuations and cycles in the surrounding environment.
3. Sustainability is the ability of the system to persist in the face of repeated stress or major perturbation or it is the ability of the agroecosystem to maintain productivity when subjected to major disturbing forces.
4. Equitability is the evenness of distribution of the productivity of the agroecosystem among the human beneficiaries.
5. Autonomy is the extent to which a social system is able to function at a normal level, using only resources derived from the ecosystem over which it has effective control.
6. Solidarity is the ability of the social system to make and implement decisions in managing the ecosystem.

Question 40

is the desired output of a system or output of valued product per unit resource input. It is measured in terms of crop yield or net income.

Answer 40

Productivity

Question 41

is the property of short-term homeostasis or the consistency of productivity in the face of small, disturbing forces arising from the normal fluctuations and cycles in the surrounding environment.

Answer 41

Stability

Question 42

is the ability of the system to persist in the face of repeated stress or major perturbation or it is the ability of the agroecosystem to maintain productivity when subjected to major disturbing forces.

Answer 42

Sustainability

Question 43

is the evenness of distribution of the productivity of the agroecosystem among the human beneficiaries.

Answer 43

Equitability

Question 44

is the extent to which a social system is able to function at a normal level, using only resources derived from the ecosystem over which it has effective control.

Answer 44

Autonomy

Question 45

is the ability of the social system to make and implement decisions in managing the ecosystem.

Answer 45

Solidarity