Module 2

Question 1

Sigmund Freud saw aggression as an occasional response to a specific stimulus, not an organic feature of human nature.

Answer 1

False

Death instinct

Aggression is not a reaction to stimulus but a constantly flowing impulse

We have an impulse to destroy our selves and each other

Analyze organism as a whole, but no evidence

Question 2

McDougall defined instinct as a “rigidly fixed motor response.”

Answer 2

False

Instinct was a craving

Functions with independence of cognitive and motor

Instincts can be learned and affected by culture and experiences

Question 3

Fromm’s view is that aggression is NOT a biologically given and spontaneously flowing impulse.

Answer 3

True

Proves it in chapter

Gives evidence that Freud is lacking in

Question 4

Fromm says many people “prefer” to believe that violence and the dangers of nuclear war spring from uncontrollably biological roots.

Answer 4

True

Since it is so horrible, people don’t want to believe themselves capable

Social, political, and economic circumstances of our own making

Question 5

Fromm says that population density in the Paleolithic era sharply intensified competition between tribes for food and space.

Answer 5

False

Population density was low so no need to compete for food or space

Common misconception

Question 6

Lorenz said that, if society reorganized itself to eliminate the major forms of aggression, the aggressive instinct would fade away.

Answer 6

False

Aggression is an energy flowing inside of us and will come out eventually even if there are no stimuli

Appetite behavior

Question 7

Freud and Lorenz agree that aggressively letting off steam is healthy.

Answer 7

True

Keeping in aggression is unhealthy

Freud says repression can lead to mental illness

Lorenz says men today suffer because they don’t let it out enough

Question 8

Lorenz says that damming up aggression is especially dangerous among people who know, understand, and like each other.

Answer 8

True

Fish exert healthy aggression on others so that they are kind towards their own mate

Redirect aggression

The better men knew each in the analogy of prisoners of war, the more dangerous aggression was

Lowering of threshold values

Question 9

Fromm doubts that a goose or fish has a “self” in the human sense.

Answer 9

True

Wrong to compare geese to American and Soviet political leaders

Says we can’t prove it, even looking at Lorenz’s analogies, those cannot be universal

Question 10

According to Lorenz, friendship is found only in species with highly developed intra-species aggression.

Answer 10

True

Stronger bonds = more aggression

Thinks there is no love without aggression

Question 11

Lorenz says that instinctive inhibitions are unalterable.

Answer 11

True?

Because of evolution, we have these instincts, but they can lose power

Question 12

Freud’s letter to Einstein in 1933 was critical of pacifism and immodest about Freudian theory.

Answer 12

False

Freud called himself a “pacifist”

Not critical of Freudian theory

Question 13

Fromm agrees that the best antidote to aggression is personal acquaintance with your potential enemies.

Answer 13

False

Acquaintance and friendship cannot be expected to lower aggression because they represent superficial knowledge about one another (object from outside)

Nonjudgemental understanding can lower aggression, but not superficial friendship

Question 14

Fromm says that one way to reduce or even eliminate aggressiveness is to reduce insecurity, greed, and narcissism.

Answer 14

True

This comes from a deep understanding of one another and no judgement

Different from amount of information one has on another, which does not reduce aggression

Question 15

Lorenz calls himself a patriot, loyal to his home country.

Answer 15

True

Says this in his writings

Claims he has feels aggression towards other countries but does not wish for their downfall

Question 16

Fromm praises humanistic educators in Germany for their efforts to promote peace.

Answer 16

False

Said it was ineffective since most educators were war minded

Only very different and radical humanism that valued life and mankind could have an influence against war

Question 17

For Ross, the term “psychocultural” refers to patterns of behavior which are essentially cultural (rather than psychological) in nature.

Answer 17

True?

In terms of cross-cultural differences in conflict behavior in terms of motives for actions that are rooted in culturally shaped images of the world

Patterns rooted in culture

Who we like and disklike in other ethnic groups is determined by culture

Question 18

Ross says infancy is viewed by current psychoanalytic theorists as an active and socially interactive phase in early development, in contrast to the views of classical Freudian psychoanalysis.

Answer 18

True

Pick up mundane behaviors

Versus infant being attached to mother (Freud)

Inner world building impacts future relationships

After a few days infants can link sounds to images (picking up stimuli)

Question 19

Ross was the first researcher to notice or explore the relationship between harsh socialization and aggressiveness.

Answer 19

False

Ross said that harsh socialization makes it difficult to make bonds and causes repressed anxiety and guilt

Volkan and Fornari noticed relationship before Ross

Studies can provide data for this, ex social learning theory, cross-cultural studies

Question 20

According to Ross, Montagu provides good ethnographic evidence for the claim that warm and affectionate childrearing produces lower conflict both within one’s society and in dealing with outsiders.

Answer 20

True

Affection is shown towards children often, security enforced

When aggressive, children are removed

Now aggressive people for child to imitate

Question 21

Ross explores problems that affect children in conditions of what he calls “diluted marriage.”

Answer 21

False

Slater and Slater call it a “diluted marriage”

Women make strong bonds with their children but often lash out towards them

Males develop ambivalent feelings towards women and fear intimacy

Narcissism is common

Question 22

Ross reports that, according to Whiting & Whiting, children develop unusually authoritarian and aggressive tendencies in societies where fathers play comparatively remote and unsympathetic roles in child rearing and family life.

Answer 22

True

Distant fathering is associated with boys learning to be warriors and developing aggressive tendencies

Question 23

The 90 nonindustrial societies that Ross studied are without exception agricultural societies with large and powerful states.

Answer 23

False

Some societies have no state or authority

One fifth are large states

Some of the societies have about one hundred people while others are large

More than a quarter practice no agriculture while half do

Question 24

Ross explored more than 40 variables associated with conflict and other key phenomena in the societies he studied.

Answer 24

True (41)

Measured authority, conflict, and community

13 compare conflict behavior across communities

Question 25

In nearly three quarters of Ross’s sample of 90 societies, local conflict is either “moderate” or “mild” in character and violence directed at local community members is “disapproved.”

Answer 25

True Numbers say so

Question 26

In nearly three quarters of Ross’s sample societies external warfare is frequent or common.

Answer 26

True About 68% have frequent of common external warfare

Question 27

Ross finds that most societies in his sample are “low” in individual “compliance with community norms and decisions.”

Answer 27

False Most societies (50%) are rated as “high”

Question 28

Ross denies that high levels of “cross-cutting ties” in some societies tend to minimize levels of internal violence in those societies.

Answer 28

True??? High cross-cutting ties increase levels of violence?

Question 29

Ross regards the Buganda as an exception to his general observation that high levels of conflict are most often found in societies in which authority is harsh and authoritarian.

Answer 29

False Buganda is not an exception Internal conflict suppressed and pushed externally Authority maintained through rewards and fear Fathers authoritarian and distant

Question 30

Ross credits the peacefulness of the Lepcha to the high level of warmth and interactivity that Gorer observed between Lepcha parents and children. See the discussion of this question that appears in the syllabus.

Answer 30

False? It is credited to mastery of environment Economic security unknown to Lepcha Have methods for resolving quarreling and have set sexual relationships Early extinction of self assertion, impersonal attitude

Question 31

Ross’s research shows that affectionate socialization practices play a leading role in reducing both internal and external conflict.

Answer 31

True? Leads to less political conflict and violence

Question 32

Ross is surprised to find that polygyny is positively related to external conflict.

Answer 32

False Product of common mistrust from outsiders? Polygyny is negatively related Males competing for women makes it hard for them to form a strong unit Could be a luxury societies cannot afford

Question 33

Ulysses, as quoted by Homer, says it is better to have one lord than many.

Answer 33

True Let one alone be the master

Question 34

La Boétie doubts that people could ever be “delighted and charmed” by a ruler who showed inhumanity or brutality towards the public itself.

Answer 34

False? People seem to be delighted and charmed by the ruler Under yoke, but we should grieve instead of wonder

Question 35

La Boétie says that it is passivity, not vice, that leads “a million men, a thousand cities” to accept serfdom, slavery, or worse from a tyrant.

Answer 35

True? Says it is not a vice that causes this It's no cowardness Could be vice with 10 men but not thousands

Question 36

La Boétie says, in effect, that people choose and cause their own servitude when they obey rather than opposing tyrants.

Answer 36

True People choose enslavement by not fighting back

Question 37

La Boétie takes comfort in the conviction that people are naturally endowed with a love of liberty.

Answer 37

False Nature fails to place this desire within us It is the only joy men don’t seem to want because if they really wanted it they would fight for it They refuse this privilege because it is so easily acquired

Question 38

La Boétie does not demand that people forcibly topple tyrants, but rather that they simply refuse to serve and support them.

Answer 38

True How can a tyrant operate if no one gives him that power? Take value away from tyrant Pull away pedestal and watch statue crumble

Question 39

La Boétie believes that people are, by nature, friends and comrades, closely united by bonds of sympathy and mutual regard.

Answer 39

False

Question 40

La Boétie praises Syracuse for raising its wise ruler Denis to the pinnacle of power.

Answer 40

False The people let Denis become tyrant, given him power of army Incredible how quickly people become subjects

Question 41

Xerxes demanded submission by sending ambassadors who requested “water and earth” as tokens of servitude.

Answer 41

True Asking for surrender to army

Question 42

Cato defended his relative, Sylla, against the charge of behaving as a cruel despot.

Answer 42

False Sylla was a tyrant, and Cato asked for a dagger to murder Sylla and free the people

Question 43

La Boétie says that people are like racehorses, who at first resist being tamed and ridden, but ultimately learn to like their subjection.

Answer 43

True They learn to bite the bit and like it Rear under the saddle but soon prance around Men grow accustomed to idea of always being under servitude Some men still fight it though

Question 44

Even when large numbers of people love liberty and oppose a tyrant, they may refrain from acting rebelliously, La Boétie says, because they don't know that others share their feelings.

Answer 44

True Under tyrant they have lost freedom of action and speech, so they do not know many people are opposed Think they are alone in aspirations, thoughts are not visible People in servitude lose their valor

Question 45

Bad kings, La Boétie says, tend to rely on foreign-born mercenaries because they are reluctant to give their own people weapons.

Answer 45

True There have been kinds who use foreign-born mercenaries but that is because they are preserving their own people Does not consider power firmly established

Question 46

La Boétie honors Julius Caesar for the “amiability” he showed the Roman people, for the banquets and gifts he showered upon them that “sweetened” his reign.

Answer 46

False More baneful than the cruelest tyrant Character was nothing worth while Poisonous amiability, for people paid him homage Fed them with food he took

Question 47

La Boétie says that many people accept counterfeit claims by dishonest rulers as if they were “true money.”

Answer 47

True Pyrrhus was said to be amazing and magical, but it was all lies

Question 48

La Boétie stresses that tyrants care only for the obedience of their subjects, not for popularity or adoration.

Answer 48

False They want adoration, and more willingness to submission

Question 49

Weber makes a sharp distinction between “states” and “political associations.”

Answer 49

False? State is only defined by peculiar means as to every political association and force State is a human community that claims legitimate force in a territory Corresponds? Politics is transfer of power, striving for power for various reasons

Question 50

Weber says “anarchy” would be the proper name for a social condition without violence.

Answer 50

True “If no social institutions existed which knew the use of violence”

Question 51

So strongly does Weber equate the state and force that he calls the use of force the state’s “normal” procedure, and sometimes the only truly political procedure.

Answer 51

False Force is not the normal procedure Force is a means to a specific state

Question 52

A political group that claims but does not successfully achieve a “monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force in a given territory” is not a state in Weber’s sense.

Answer 52

True A state must successfully achieve this goal with human community State is source of right to use violence

Question 53

Weber says states can’t afford to worry whether their monopoly of violence is legitimate.

Answer 53

False?

Question 54

For Weber, “legitimate” means “considered legitimate.”

Answer 54

True What one person deems legitimate violence is different from another person

Question 55

Unlike La Boétie, Weber is not interested in the question “When and why do men obey?”

Answer 55

False Weber is interested in the question

Question 56

For Weber, “charismatic” domination can be wielded only by prophets or mages, not by political party leaders.

Answer 56

False It can be used by political party leaders Personal confidence in quality of individual leadership

Question 57

Weber says that people fear only physical force, not “magical” violence or vengeance.

Answer 57

False Obedience is determined by fear, fear of physical force and magical violence and power of political leader

Question 58

Rulers who are popularly believed to have charisma are obeyed because their followers are devoted to them and believe they are “called” to lead.

Answer 58

True They are not obeyed by virtue or tradition, but because they believe in him His followers are oriented to his person and to its qualities

Question 59

Domination, Weber says, requires only obedience, not “organization”; inspiration, not administration.

Answer 59

False Organization domination requires control of personal executive staff and material implementation of administration Needed to organize physical violence

Question 60

Weber draws a parallel between the staff of a political leader and employees or proletarians in a capitalistic enterprise.

Answer 60

True Like any organization, bound by obedience to power-holder Power-holder counts on obedience

Question 61

For Weber, “means of administration” include money, weapons, buildings, even horses.

Answer 61

True

Question 62

Weber sees a parallel between the expropriation of rival power-holders by princes and the expropriation of independent producers by capitalist enterprises.

Answer 62

True Prince “paves the way for the expropriation of the autonomous and ‘private’ bearers of executive power” Complete parallel to capitalist enterprises expropriation of the independent producers, comes together under single head

Question 63

Weber says that the state, as a massive administrative mechanism, is too big to come under the power of a single head.

Answer 63

False Actually, comes together under single head

Question 64

According to Weber, the first “professional politicians” were princes and lords.

Answer 64

False Were men who didn’t want to be lords themselves, but entered political service of lords Managed prince’s politics

Question 65

Tristan equates “uniting” with “associating.”

Answer 65

False They are not the same People who work together, like sailors and soldiers, to take care of each other, are not associates (they don’t need to know each other, they just pay to assist anyone who comes to their hospital)

Question 66

Saying it would be unfair to “blame the victims,” Tristan says she will not criticize the working class.

Answer 66

False The workers are not uniting, and that’s their fault

Question 67

Tristan agrees, in Note 2 at the end of Ch. 1, that the Saint-Simonians correctly defined the working class as “the most populous and poorest class."

Answer 67

False This is not true because poverty is not a quality Replace poverty with the word useful, which is a quality and a title for the working class

Question 68

Tristan says that workers' organizations should not put their hope in money, since only capitalists can benefit from money, not workers.

Answer 68

False The Workers’ Union could acquire true power through what money grants

Question 69

Tristan stresses that the most important right is the right to live -- which, she says, can only be assured by guaranteed employment.

Answer 69

True The right to work is the only way to get food, which is then living

Question 70

The novelist Anatole France wrote that the poor are free – free, he said, to live under bridges and beg in the streets, to starve or steal. Tristan would disagree.

Answer 70

True

Question 71

The qualities needed to be a leader of the Workers Union, Tristan says, include love, strength, courage, tact, and cleverness.

Answer 71

True Leaders need this to take on defense of the most sacred cause which is the workers

Question 72

The only fair wage policy, Tristan says, is to pay everyone exactly equally.

Answer 72

False?? Defender is paid more?

Question 73

Tristan believes that millions of “non-owners” will rally to the working-class cause, including artists, teachers, small businessmen and even small investors.

Answer 73

True Will unite to eradicate privilege All will contribute and feel results of work union

Question 74

In Note 10, Tristan expresses surprise and sorrow that, in a new book, Prosper Enfantin called for the military-style regimentation of the workers.

Answer 74

True Labor organization = military regiment to Enfantin

Question 75

La Boétie says that masses grew accustomed to the idea that the king is superior to the people. Tristan says that, over the centuries, the masses became accustomed to the idea that men are superior to women.

Answer 75

True Women thrown out of churches, no legal representation Church told women they are nothing without men Proved that men are born equal Men treat women as nothing because, lawmakers, the church, and philosophers say so

Question 76

Tristan says that even the most sensitive and intelligent men had not yet protested the barbarous absurdity of treating women as inferiors.

Answer 76

False These men have cried out against the barbarous absurdity order of things and have protested Society has moved for a moment

Question 77

Tristan says that, when women are called upon to participate equally in social life, the total wealth of society will increase dramatically.

Answer 77

True All misfortunes happen because of this inequality Women need to be educated because they are in charge of instructing boys and girls She could contribute intelligently to work and bring in a wage

Question 78

For women, Tristan says, the family is a haven in a heartless world; public life may be barred to them, but they at least enjoy the love and care of their parents and husbands.

Answer 78

False Parents are tyrannical Forced into marriage, very rare to have happy marriages because marriage is needed to escape parents Husband thinks he is superior because he brings the money home, so he treats her with disdain

Question 79

Tristan says that receiving a rational education would empower women, and that this would also strengthen their children and the entire working class.

Answer 79

True If a woman is educated on how to raise children, she will raise better children who will go out and be great workers, as opposed to those in jail or prostitutes Child's first exposure to the science of life, can show them love

Question 80

It is up to the workers, Tristan says, to establish justice and equality in the relations between men and women.

Answer 80

True Women must be treated as equals starting at home Home life must be improved Workers have the power to protest even though they cannot change laws Workers, who already face inequality and injustice, must establish justice for women