Module 2

Question 1

Inorganic Compounds

Answer 1

Water, Salts, many Acids and Bases

Can be covalent or ionic bonded

Do not contain carbon, do not decay

Examples: Solvent, electrolytes, pH

Question 2

Organic Compounds

Answer 2

Always contain carbon

Always covalently bonded

Typically bulky and decay after death

Examples: Carbs, fats, proteins & nucleic acids

Question 3

Water heat capacity

Answer 3

High heat capacity: absorbs and redistributes high quantities of heat without a rise in body temperature

Question 4

Kilocalorie

Answer 4

Amount of energy required to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius

Question 5

Water is used as a _______ mechanism

Answer 5

cooling

Question 6

Water absorbs more/less heat than any other solvent before it vaporizes

Answer 6

More

Question 7

Water is polar/nonpolar and covalently/ioncly bonded

Answer 7

Polar & covalent

Question 8

Polarity

Answer 8

Oppositely charged bonds

Question 9

What prevents water from contracting as it freezes?

Answer 9

Hydrogen Bonding

Question 10

Salts are energy relationships between what?

Answer 10

Metal and Non-metal

Question 11

Salt metal donates/receives 1 or more electrons

Answer 11

Donates

Question 12

Salt non-metal donates/receives 1 or more electrons

Answer 12

Receives

Question 13

Metals are cations/anions?

Answer 13

Cations

Question 14

Non-metals are cations/anions?

Answer 14

Anions

Question 15

Acids and bases are covalently/ionicly bonded?

Answer 15

Ionicly

Question 16

Acid cation is what?

Answer 16

H+

Question 17

Base anion is what?

Answer 17

OH-

Question 18

0-7 pH is acid or base?

Answer 18

Acid

Question 19

7-14 pH is acid or base?

Answer 19

Base

Question 20

A buffer is a

Answer 20

weak acid and weak base that can bind to excess H+ and OH-, removing the free ions from the blood

Question 21

What is the only inorganic molecule that has carbon in it?

Answer 21

Carbon Monoxide

Question 22

All organic molecules have how many valence electrons that are always shared?

Answer 22

4

Question 23

Types of organic molecules:

Answer 23

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 24

Carbs are comprised of what elements?

Answer 24

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in a 1-2-1 ratio

Question 25

What is a monomer

Answer 25

A building block for larger molecules

Question 26

What are the most common and important monosaccharides?

Answer 26

5-carbon Pentoses and 6-carbon Hexoses

Question 27

What two compositions of pentose are used to build DNA & RNA?

Answer 27

Deoxyribose and ribose

Question 28

What are the Hexose molecules

Answer 28

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Question 29

Glucose, fructose, and galactose are what?

Answer 29

Isomers

Question 30

What is an isomer

Answer 30

same molecular formula but different orientation

Question 31

Disaccharides are what

Answer 31

2 monosaccharides covalently bonded

Question 32

What are the three disaccharides

Answer 32

Sucrose, lactose, and maltose

Question 33

Lactose has a ___ bond

Answer 33

beta

Question 34

Polysaccharides

Answer 34

Complex carbs Polymers of glucose Starch in plants Glycogen in animals

Question 35

Cellulose is also known as what

Answer 35

fiber

Question 36

Lipids are polar/nonpolar and water soluble/insoluble

Answer 36

Non-polar and insoluble

Question 37

Lipids have more/less oxygen than carbs

Answer 37

less

Question 38

Are there monomers in lipids

Answer 38

no

Question 39

What are the types of lipids

Answer 39

Triglycerides Phospholipids Cholesterol Eicosanoids

Question 40

Fatty acid chains are also known as what

Answer 40

Hydrocarbons (found in fossil fuels)

Question 41

If all the C-C chemical bonds in a fatty acid are single bonds, the fat is

Answer 41

saturated

Question 42

Phospholipid has how many fatty acid chains

Answer 42

2 & a phosphorous group

Question 43

Hydrophillic loves/hates water

Answer 43

loves

Question 44

Phospholipids are found where in nature

Answer 44

cell membranes

Question 45

Cholesterol is a _____ molecule

Answer 45

flat with 4 interlocking hydrocarbon rings

Question 46

Cholesterol is the building block of what

Answer 46

steroids (sex hormones and adrenal cortical)

Question 47

Eicosanoids are

Answer 47

20-carbon fatty acides found in cell membranes Precursor to prostaglandins

Question 48

What monomers are proteins built from

Answer 48

Amino acids

Question 49

Protein is made of

Answer 49

Carbon, hyrdrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous

Question 50

How many types of amino acides are in the body

Answer 50

20

Question 51

What atom is centralized in an amino acid

Answer 51

Carbon w/ 4 valence electrons

Question 52

Amino acids can be

Answer 52

polar, nonpolar, basic, acidic

Question 53

Dipeptide

Answer 53

Two amino acids chemically bonded via a covalent

Question 54

Polypeptide

Answer 54

4-49 amino acids bonded together

Question 55

Protein

Answer 55

50 or more amino acids bonded together

Question 56

Examples of protein

Answer 56

Hemoglobin, insulin, growth hormone, enzymes

Question 57

2 types of proteins:

Answer 57

Fibrous - structural, insoluble Globular - functional, soluble

Question 58

protein denaturation

Answer 58

breaking of chemical bonds due to changes in temperature or pH

Question 59

Irreversible denaturation

Answer 59

breaking of hydrogen and dipeptide bonds due to changes in pH or increase in temperature

Question 60

most enzymes are _____ proteins

Answer 60

globular and function as biological catalysts

Question 61

cofactor

Answer 61

non protein mineral like copper, iron

Question 62

co-enzyme

Answer 62

organiz component frequently a vitamin

Question 63

Nucleic acids are composed of

Answer 63

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorous

Question 64

Structural units of nucleic acids are called

Answer 64

nucleotides (monomers)

Question 65

Each nucleotide is composed of what

Answer 65

N-containing base Pentose Suagr Phosphate group

Question 66

What are the five types of nucleotides

Answer 66

Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil (In RNA) Thymine (in DNA)

Question 67

Purines are larger/smaller than pyrimidines

Answer 67

Larger

Question 68

Where is DNA found

Answer 68

cell nucleus & mitochondria

Question 69

A binds to ___ G binds to ___

Answer 69

T C

Question 70

ATP is found in RNA/DNA

Answer 70

RNA

Question 71

Which answer lists the steps of enzyme action in correct order?

Answer 71

Formation of enzyme-substrate complex, induced fit, formation or breakage of chemical bonds, release of product

Question 72

When we shiver on a cold day, the heat produced by muscle tissue is a demonstration of:

Answer 72

NOT the first law of thermodynamics

Question 73

Three molecules that are important energy storage locations in the body are:

Answer 73

ATP, glycogen, and triglyceride.

Question 74

An element's atomic number is determined by the number of __________ in one atom of that element.

Answer 74

Protons

Question 75

Which of the following is a list of three types of lipids?

Answer 75

Eicosanoids, steroids, and triglycerides

Question 76

The four elements that make up about 96% of body matter are:

Answer 76

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

Question 77

In the formation of a compound of sodium chloride:

Answer 77

a sodium atom donates an electron to a chlorine atom.

Question 78

Which of the following is not true of proteins?

Answer 78

Appear to be the molecular carriers of the coded hereditary information.

Question 79

Which association is not correct?

Answer 79

carbohydrate-enzymes

Question 80

In general, the category of lipids that we refer to as oils have:

Answer 80

LIKELY a high degree of unsaturated bonds

Question 81

An alpha helix OR beta pleated sheet folding pattern refers to which of the following levels of protein structure?

Answer 81

secondary structure

Question 82

Two good examples of a colloid would be Jello or

Answer 82

cytosol

Question 83

Which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of energy per gram when metabolized?

Answer 83

fats

Question 84

As read from the periodic chart, how many electrons are found in an atom of Sn?

Answer 84

50

Question 85

A lipid in which all carbon atoms of its fatty acids are bonded to the MAXIMUM number of hydrogen atoms is a(n) ____________ fat.

Answer 85

saturated

Question 86

The three forms of matter are:

Answer 86

solids, liquids, and gases.

Question 87

The formula C6H1206 means:

Answer 87

there are 12 hydrogen, 6 carbon, and 6 oxygen atoms

Question 88

Which of the following is NOT true of proteins?

Answer 88

They carry hereditary genetic information.

Question 89

If two amino acids are joined together, the resulting molecule is a(n):

Answer 89

dipeptide

Question 90

When two or more polypeptide chains come together to give a protein its ultimate shape, that structure is described as the _________ structure.

Answer 90

quaternary

Question 91

A heterogenous mixture in which the particles DO NOT settle out is called a:

Answer 91

colloid

Question 92

When an acid is placed in water, the acid:

Answer 92

dissolves and dissociates.

Question 93

Catabolism is an example of an

Answer 93

Exergonic reaction

Question 94

Which of the following would not be a constituent of the plasma membrane

Answer 94

NOT phospholipids

Question 95

Soaps are

Answer 95

NOT modified steroids

Question 96

Which of the following is a disaccharide

Answer 96

NOT ribose

Question 97

Which combination of nucleotides is not an RNA molecule

Answer 97

ATTACG