Module 2

Question 1

according to aristotle, _______ is the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasions

a) the _______ of an individual to find out
b) the ___________ ______ of persuasion available to them
c) depending on the particular ________

Answer 1

rhetoric

a) the capacity of an individual to find out
b) the rhetorical modes of persuasion available to them
c) depending on the particular context

Question 2

3 rhetorical modes

Answer 2

1. ethos
2. pathos
3. logos

Question 3

ethos is about?

Answer 3

character, guiding principles

Question 4

“We believe ____ men more fully and readily than others; this is true generally whatever the ____ is, and absolutely true where exact certainty is impossible and opinions are divided.”

-???

Answer 4

“We believe good men more fully and readily than others; this is true generally whatever the question is, and absolutely true where exact certainty is impossible and opinions are divided.”

-Aristotle

Question 5

“Rhetoric establishes what is ___ ___”

-???

Answer 5

“Rhetoric establishes what is probably true”

-Barchers, 2006

Question 6

three factors/keys in ethos

Answer 6

a. good sense
b. good moral character
c. goodwill

Question 7

a. good sense; based on ____ (practical wisdom)
b. good moral character based on arete (____)
c. goodwil; based on ____ (wanting to help)

Answer 7

a. good sense; based on phronesis (practical wisdom)
b. good moral character based on arete (virtue)
c. goodwil; based on eunoia (wanting to help)

Question 8

1. ability to apply knowledge based on experience
2. ability to act wit uncompromising integrity
3. ability to cover empathy and inspire cooperative feelings

choices:
a. good moral character
b. goodwill
c. good sense

Answer 8

1. ability to apply knowledge based on experience
   c. good sense
2. ability to act wit uncompromising integrity
   a. good moral character
3. ability to cover empathy and inspire cooperative feelings
   b. goodwill

Question 9

pathos is about?

Answer 9

suffering, strong emotion

Question 10

Pathos

“put[ting their] hearers in the ____ ____ of mind”

-Aristotle

Answer 10

Pathos

“put[ting their] hearers in the right frame of mind”

-Aristotle

Question 11

Pathos

“Our judgments when we are pleased and friendly are ___ ___ ____ as when we are pained and hostile”

-Aristotle

Answer 11

Pathos

“Our judgments when we are pleased and friendly are not the same as when we are pained and hostile”

-Aristotle

Question 12

logos is about?

Answer 12

word, thought, principle

Question 13

Logos

“…persuation is effected through the speech itself when we have proved a ____ or an apparent ____ by means of ____ arguments”

-Aristole

Answer 13

Logos

“…persuation is effected through the speech itself when we have proved a truth or an apparent apparent truth by means of persuasive arguments”

-Aristole

Question 14

2 ways we use logos

Answer 14

a. example
b. enthymeme

Question 15

Logos

argument by example is proving a ____ using a number of similar cases; ____ reasoning

Answer 15

Logos

argument by example is proving a proposition using a number of similar cases; inductive reasoning

Question 16

what is syllogism?

Answer 16

three-step method of framing an argument

Question 17

3 steps in syllogism

Answer 17

1. major premise
2. minor premise
3. conclusion

Question 18

syllogism

an assumption or argument meant to be taken as fact

Answer 18

major premise

Question 19

syllogism

a ____ ____ is an another assumption or argument that serves to substantiate the major premise

Answer 19

a minor premise is an another assumption or argument that serves to substantiate the major premiseminor premise

Question 20

logos

argument by ____ is basically syllogism where one of the premises is left unstated; ____ reasoning

Answer 20

argument by enthymeme is basically syllogism where one of the premises is left unstated; deductive reasoning

Question 21

logos

in argumenting by enthymeme, audience is left to infer the ____ ____ based on their shared belief or knowledge

Answer 21

in argumenting by enthymeme, audience is left to infer the missing premise based on their shared belief or knowledge

Question 22

the man who is to be in command of the means of effecting persuason must, it is clear, be able:
- to ____ ____
- to ____ ____ ____ and ____ in their various forms
- to ____ ____ ____ - that is to name them and describe them, to know their causes and the ways in which they are excited

Answer 22

the man who is to be in command of the means of effecting persuason must, it is clear, be able:
- to reason logically
- to understand human character and goodness in their various forms
- to understand the emotions - that is to name them and describe them, to know their causes and the ways in which they are excited

Question 23

define politics

the ____ of the government, members of law-making orgs, or people who try to ____ the way a country is governed

Answer 23

the activitiesof the government, members of law-making orgs, or people who try to influence the way a country is governed

Question 24

political rhetoric

mostly concerned with ____ used in constructing ____ messages in debates and disputes

Answer 24

mostly concerned with strategies used in constructing persuasive messages in debates and disputes

Question 25

# political rhetoric Aristotle emphasized the importance of the speaker's ____

Answer 25

Aristotle emphasized the importance of the speaker's **ethos**

Question 26

____ lies at the heart of all persuasive rhetoric

Answer 26

identification lies at the heart of all persuasive rhetoric

Question 27

# define consubstantiality projected ____ between ____ and ____

Answer 27

projected **commonality** between **speaker** and **audience**

Question 28

strategies to achieve consubstantiality

Answer 28

1. taking and avoiding sides 2. explicit appeals to common ingroup membership 3. constructing aspirational identities 4. implicit displays of rhetorical alignment

Question 29

# strategies to achieve consubstantiality ________ of one group (siding with the ordinary people) OR ____ adverse situations, not people in particular

Answer 29

**take the side** of one group (siding with the ordinary people) OR **oppose** adverse situations, not people in particular

Question 30

# strats 2 achieve consubstantiality - explicit appeals to com ingroup mem regroup ____ ____ into one ____ ____ and frame one's self as part of that group

Answer 30

regroup diverse communities into one identity category and frame one's self as part of that group

Question 31

# strats 2 achieve consubstantiality - explicit appeals to com ingroup mem frame the (aspiring) leader's own ____ ____ as the instantiation of the ____ and ____ of that identity category

Answer 31

frame the (aspiring) leader's own **political project** as the instantiation of the **norms** and **values** of that identity category

Question 32

# strats 2 achieve consubstantiality - explicit appeals to com ingroup mem the leader presents itself as a ____ ____ ____

Answer 32

the leader presents itself as a **prototypical ingroup member**

Question 33

# strats to achieve consubstantiality - constructing aspir indentities useful when speaker is acting as an ____ for the ____

Answer 33

useful when speaker is acting as an **advocate** for the **marginalized**

Question 34

# strats to achieve consubstantiality - displays of rhetorical alignment use of ____ communication and ____ person plural pro-terms: we, us, our

Answer 34

use of nonverbal communication and 1st person plural pro-terms: we, us, our

Question 35

# define digital rhetoric the application of ____ ____ (as analytic method or heuristic for production) to digital ____ ___ ____

Answer 35

the application of **rhetorical theory** (as analytic method or heuristic for production) to digital **texts and performances**