Module 2

Question 1

Aristotle believed that the universe was infinite, as each hour and day is succeed by another. ______ disagreed, believing that the universe had a beginning, but his respect for Aristotle’s philosophy led him to argue that Aristotle could have been correct.

Answer 1

Aquinas

Question 2

_________ argues that the universe must
have a beginning.

Answer 2

John Philoponus

Question 3

___________ adopt Philoponus’s argument.

Answer 3

French Theologians

Question 4

French philosopher ________ criticizes Aquinas, saying the universe cannot have always existed

Answer 4

Henry of Ghent

Question 5

__________ claims he can show that the universe has always existed, and that
it has not always existed.

Answer 5

Immanuel Kant

Question 6

Belgian priest and scientist __________ proposes the “Big Bang” theory of the origins of the universe

Answer 6

Georges Lemaître

Question 7

The central figure in Aquinas’s thinking is ______, the ancient Greek philosopher whose work was intensively studied by medieval thinkers.

Answer 7

Aristotle

Question 8

The great Arabic philosophers, _________ and ________, were willing to accept Aristotle’s view, even though it put them at odds with Islamic orthodoxy.

Answer 8

Avicenna and Averroes

Question 9

_________, a Greek Christian writer of the 6th century, believed that he had found an argument to show that Aristotle must be wrong, and that the universe had not always existed.

Answer 9

John Philoponus

Question 10

__________ was born in 1225 at _________ in Italy. He studied at the University of Naples and then joined the Dominican order (a new, highly intellectual order of friars) against the wishes of his family. He studied under the great theologian, _________?

Answer 10

Thomas Aquinas, Roccasecca, Albert the Great

Question 11

Under one empire, the Roman Empire.

Answer 11

Pax Romana

Question 12

Similar to Christianity, believes that good and bad are counterparts, man’s soul is a battleground between these counterparts.

Answer 12

Manichaesim

Question 13

Eternal City, currently we are living in the _________ (Sinful, etc.). The man marches towards the _________.

Answer 13

City of Man, City of God

Question 14

Conceptualized the idea that War needs to have a “just” cause.

Answer 14

Augustine

Question 15

According to Aristotle, the ________ is what has no limit. For instance, the sequence of numbers is ________, because for each number, there is another higher number that follows.

Answer 15

Infinite

Question 16

Historians sometimes say that Aquinas “_______” Christianity and Aristotelian philosophy, as if he took the parts he wanted from each and made them into a smooth mixture.

Answer 16

Synthesized

Question 17

Aquinas believed the _______ on faith, but claimed that some elements of Christian belief could be rationally demonstrated. For Aquinas, the Bible and reason need never _______.

Answer 17

Creation Story, Conflict

Question 18

According to Aquinas, Both human reason and Christian teaching come from the same source, ____, and so they can never contradict each other.

Answer 18

God

Question 19

According to Aquinas, as human beings we are able to go beyond them and grasp what a tree is in a rational way, defining it and distinguishing it from other types of plants and of living things. He called this the ________?

Answer 19

Intellectual Knowledge

Question 20

________ lead us to look for the cause of any event, even the beginning of the universe. Aristotle supposed that God set the universe into motion, and Aquinas agreed, but added that the
“Prime Mover”—God—must itself be uncaused.

Answer 20

The laws of cause-and-effect

Question 21

According to Aristotle, the _____ is the life-principle or “soul” of a human being. All living things have a soul, he believes, which explains their capacity for different levels of what he calls “______”, such as growing and reproducing, for plants; moving, sensing, seeking, and avoiding, for animals; and thinking for humans.

Answer 21

Intellect, Life-activity

Question 22

Aristotle believes that “___” is what makes matter into the thing that it is. Within the human body, this form is the ____, which makes the ____ into the living thing that it is by giving it a particular set of life-activities.

Answer 22

Form, Soul, Body

Question 23

In De Officiis, ____argues against war, except as a last resort in order to defend
the state and restore peace.

Answer 23

Cicero

Question 24

Augustine of Hippo argues that the state should promote _____.

Answer 24

Virtue

Question 25

_____ calls on Muslims to fight in defense of Islam.

Answer 25

Muhammad

Question 26

________ puts the theory of just war into the context of international law in On the Law of War and Peace

Answer 26

Hugo Grotius

Question 27

_______ prohibits the use of force in international conflict unless authorized by the UN.

Answer 27

The United Nations Charter

Question 28

The Roman Catholic Church held a ______over learning for several centuries in medieval Europe.

Answer 28

Monopoly

Question 29

An order that valued the tradition of ________, the ______used reasoning and inference as a method of education, rather than simply teaching Christian dogma.

Answer 29

Scholasticism, Dominicans

Question 30

For Aquinas, steeped in the works of Plato and Aristotle, _____ was the prime political virtue that underpinned

Answer 30

Justice

Question 31

______ for the protection of Christian values could be justified in Aquinas’s thinking, including the First Crusade of 1096–99, in which Jerusalem was captured and thousands massacred.

Answer 31

Warfare

Question 32

However, such a war should be defensive, not preemptive, and waged only when certain conditions could be met. He called these conditions the _______ or “___________".

Answer 32

Jus ad bellum, Right to War

Question 33

The Right To War (Qualifications):

Answer 33

- Restoration of Peace - Can only be waged under the authority of a sovereign - It must have a just cause (e.g. benefit the people)

Question 34

_____ is made clear to us through our God-given gift of reason. It guides our moral and ethical behavior.

Answer 34

Natural law

Question 35

______ is divine, and comes directly from God. The _____ rules the entire universe.

Answer 35

Eternal law

Question 36

______ on crime and punishment must be based on reason, so that they relate to the values we deduce from natural law.

Answer 36

Human law

Question 37

_____, Aquinas argues, is a God-given ability that enables us to devise for ourselves the natural law, which is—in effect—the way in which the eternal law applies to human beings in accordance with our nature as a social animal.

Answer 37

Reason

Question 38

Aquinas said that "man by nature is a _______".

Answer 38

Political Animal

Question 39

According to Aquinas, the role of political society was to enable its citizens to develop their powers of reason, and through this, to acquire an understanding of ______— in other words, the natural law.

Answer 39

Moral Sense

Question 40

In _____, Plato argues that evil is not a thing, but an absence of something.

Answer 40

Gorgias

Question 41

_____ revives Plato’s view of good and evil.

Answer 41

Plotinus

Question 42

_____ uses an Augustinian theory of evil in The Consolation of Philosophy.

Answer 42

Boethius

Question 43

______, the German priest who inspired the Protestant reformation, publishes On the Bondage of the Will, arguing that the human will is not free.

Answer 43

Martin Luther

Question 44

_______ rejects the idea that there are not evil things.

Answer 44

Pierre Abelard

Question 45

Augustine believes that although God created everything that exists, he did not create evil, because evil is not a thing, but a _____ or ______of something. This is due to man's ___________?

Answer 45

Lack or Deficiency, Free Will

Question 46

_______ was born in 354 CE in ______, a small provincial town in North Africa, to a Christian mother and a pagan father.

Answer 46

Aurelius Augustine, Thagaste

Question 47

_____ was effectively adopted as the official religion of the Roman empire, and as the Church’s power and influence grew, its relationship with the state became a disputed issue.

Answer 47

Christianity

Question 48

According to Augustine, if justice be taken away, what are governments but ___________?

Answer 48

Great Bands of Robbers

Question 49

______ says that government’s role is to prevent injustice.

Answer 49

Ibn Khaldun

Question 50

______ and the School of Salamanca create a philosophy of natural law.

Answer 50

Francisco Suarez

Question 51

Augustine distinguished between two kingdoms: the ______ and the ______.

Answer 51

Civitas Dei (City of God) and Civitas Terrea (City of Earth)

Question 52

Machiavelli’s peers begin to use the adjective “_______” to describe acts of devious cunning.

Answer 52

Machiavellian

Question 53

_______ argues that people should hold on to their liberty and resist the rule of princes.

Answer 53

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Question 54

Italian dictator ________ describes The Prince as “the statesman’s supreme guide.”

Answer 54

Benito Mussolini

Question 55

The ____ family had been in open but unofficial control of the city-state for some 35 years, and the year of ________’s birth saw _______succeed his father as ruler, ushering in a period of great artistic activity in Florence.

Answer 55

Medici, Machiavelli, Lorenzo de Medici (Lorenzo the Magnificent)

Question 56

Lorenzo de Medici was succeeded by his son, _________.

Answer 56

Piero de Medici (Piero the Unfortunate)

Question 57

The invasion by _______ in 1494 had sparked a turbulent period in the history of Italy, which at the time was divided into five powers:

Answer 57

Charles VIII, The Papacy, Naples, Venice, Milan, and Florence

Question 58

The illegitimate son of Pope Alexander VI. The inspiration for Machiavelli's book, _________, which is witty and cynical, and showed a great understanding of Italy in general and Florence in particular.

Answer 58

Cesare Borgia, The Prince

Question 59

The Latin root of ____ also relates it to manliness (as in “virile”), and this feeds into what Machiavelli has to say in its application both to the prince himself and to the state—where sometimes _____ is used to mean “success”, and describes a state that is to be admired and imitated.

Answer 59

Virtù

Question 60

Machiavelli argues in his book, _______, that a republic is the ideal regime, and that it should be instituted whenever a reasonable degree of equality exists or can be established.

Answer 60

Discourses on the Ten Books of Titus Livy

Question 61

A ruler needs to have the __________ to frighten those who seek to depose him and the __________ to recognize snares and traps.

Answer 61

Ferocity of a lion, Cunning of a fox

Question 62

______ has been a virtue of leadership throughout history. In the 20th century, the fascist dictator Benito Mussolini used a mixture of fear and love to hold on to power in Italy.

Answer 62

Ruthlessness

Question 63

_______ advises rulers to do whatever is necessary to achieve the well-being of the state.

Answer 63

Chanakya

Question 64

_________assumes it is human nature to seek personal gain and avoid punishment, and his Legalist government makes strict laws.

Answer 64

Han Fei Tzu

Question 65

Machiavelli lived in turbulent political times at the beginning of the period that would come to be known as the ______.

Answer 65

Renaissance

Question 66

Machiavelli's firsthand experience in the public office:

Answer 66

Florentine Republic Diplomat

Question 67

An _____ can harness the weaker traits of humanity in his people to great effect, in the same way that a sheepdog can manipulate a herd of sheep.

Answer 67

Effective Leader

Question 68

Two key elements in transforming the undesirable, original human nature into a benevolent social nature:

Answer 68

- Social Organization - Prudent Leadership

Question 69

Practical guides for leaders known as “_____,” which were common in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. It is addressed to a new ruler.

Answer 69

Mirror of Princes

Question 70

Machiavelli's ideas hark back to the Roman quality of “_____” embodied by the military leader who is motivated by ambition and the pursuit of glory, properties that are almost the exact opposite of the Christian virtue of modesty.

Answer 70

Virtue

Question 71

In Machiavelli’s opinion, _______ is an inevitable result of the selfishness of human nature.

Answer 71

Social Conflict

Question 72

Although Machiavelli believes that to a large extent man is master of his own fate, he recognizes that there is also an element of chance at play, which he refers to as ____.

Answer 72

Fortuna

Question 73

Machiavelli sees that political life, in particular, can be seen as a continuous contest between the elements of _____ and ____, and in this regard is analogous to a state of war

Answer 73

Virtù and Fortuna

Question 74

By analyzing politics using military theory, Machiavelli concludes that the essence of most political life is ________.

Answer 74

Conspiracy

Question 75

Machiavelli strongly advocates for ________ in his book Discourses on Livy.

Answer 75

Republicanism

Question 76

Machiavelli treated politics as a practical and not a philosophical or ethical subject of study, he replaced morality with _______ as the purpose of the state, and shifted the emphasis from the moral intention of a political action to focus primarily on its _____.

Answer 76

Utility, Consequences