Module 2 Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
What is healthcare delivery?
A
The manner in which medical services are organized, managed and provided
It can be public, private, or mixed.
2
Q
List the types of healthcare delivery.
A
- Public
- Private
- Mixed
These categories represent different organizational structures for providing healthcare services.
3
Q
What is healthcare financing?
A
The manner in which funds are raised, pooled, mobilized and used to purchase healthcare services
It includes various methods such as public funding and private insurance.
4
Q
List the types of healthcare financing.
A
- Public (e.g. from taxation)
- Private (e.g. from private insurance)
- Out-of-pocket
These methods describe how healthcare services are funded.
5
Q
True or False: Healthcare delivery can only be public.
A
False
Healthcare delivery can also be private or mixed.
6
Q
Fill in the blank: Healthcare financing can be _______.
A
[Public, Private, Out-of-pocket]
These are the three main methods of financing healthcare services.
7
Q
What is the general funding structure of healthcare in Canada?
A
Most healthcare is publicly funded but privately delivered.
This means that healthcare services are financed by public funds but provided by private entities.
8
Q
Are there exceptions to the general funding structure of healthcare in Canada?
A
Yes, there are exceptions that will be explored in future modules.
These exceptions may include different funding mechanisms or service delivery models.
9
Q
What does ‘free at the point of use’ mean in the context of Canadian healthcare?
A
It means that most healthcare services do not require payment at the time they are accessed.
Patients typically do not pay out-of-pocket for services at the moment of receiving care.
10
Q
Who delivers healthcare services in Canada?
A
Healthcare services are delivered by private providers, such as physicians.
These providers bill public insurance plans for the services they offer.
11
Q
Fill in the blank: Most healthcare services in Canada are delivered by _______.
A
private providers
12
Q
What is policy?
A
A set of interrelated decisions taken by a political actor or group of actors concerning the selection of goals and the means of achieving them within a specified situation.
This definition is based on Jenkings 1978, as quoted in Deber.
13
Q
What factors do decision makers typically consider in policy making?
A
Personal beliefs, values, evidence, elections, recessions, stakeholder pressure, and institutional constraints.
These factors influence the decisions made by political actors in the policy-making process.
14
Q
True or False: The process for policy making is always linear and proceeds in a clear cycle.
A
False.
The assumption that the policy-making process is linear is not always the case.
15
Q
What can policy involve aside from making changes?
A
Deciding not to change anything.
This highlights that policy choices can also include maintaining the status quo.
16
Q
How can models and frameworks assist in policy making?
A
They help us understand complex processes, past choices, and plan for future implementation.
Utilizing models can clarify the intricacies of policy decision-making.
17
Q
What is health legislation?
A
The body of rules that regulates the promotion and protection of health, health services, the equitable distribution of available resources and the legal position of all parties concerned.
Source: Leenan, 1998.
18
Q
Who are the parties concerned in health legislation?
A
Patients, health care providers, health care institutions, financing and monitoring bodies.
These parties are involved in the regulation of health services.
19
Q
True or False: Most policies are considered legislation.
A
False.
Policies can be easily changed if they are not supported as policy objectives in legislation (Legemaate, 2002).
20
Q
What can easily change if not supported in legislation?
A
Policies.
This highlights the difference between policies and laws.
21
Q
Fill in the blank: Health legislation regulates the promotion and protection of _______.
A
[health].
22
Q
What does health legislation ensure regarding resources?
A
Equitable distribution of available resources.
This is essential for fair access to health services.
23
Q
What year was the definition of health legislation provided by Leenan?
A
1998.
24
Q
Fill in the blank: Policies are not ________ and can be easily changed.
A
[legislation/laws].
25
What is federalism?
A political system where powers of government are split between federal and provincial/territorial levels.
26
What jurisdiction do federal governments have in a federal system?
Jurisdiction over the whole country.
27
What jurisdiction do provincial governments have in a federal system?
Jurisdiction over their population and region.
28
True or False: In a federal system, powers are centralized in one level of government.
False.
29
Fill in the blank: Specific authorities/responsibilities are assigned to the _______ and provincial governments.
[federal]
30
What are the two main levels of government in a federal system?
* Federal
* Provincial/Territorial
31
What act initially established the division of powers in Canada?
British North America Act (1867)
## Footnote
This act set the framework for the distribution of responsibilities between federal and provincial governments.
32
What healthcare-related responsibility is assigned to the federal government under the British North America Act?
Quarantine and the establishment and maintenance of marine hospitals
## Footnote
This indicates a limited role for the federal government in healthcare.
33
What responsibilities are assigned to provinces regarding healthcare according to the British North America Act?
Establishment and management of hospitals, asylums, charities and eleemosynary institutions
## Footnote
This highlights the provinces' major role in managing healthcare services.
34
What impact have subsequent constitutional interpretations had on healthcare responsibilities in Canada?
Placed major responsibility for health measures and services on the provinces
## Footnote
This shift emphasizes provincial authority in health care delivery.
35
What does the 1982 Constitution Act reaffirm regarding healthcare responsibilities?
Division of responsibilities
## Footnote
This act solidified the framework established by the British North America Act.
36
What defines intergovernmental relations as it pertains to healthcare?
Fiscal federalism
## Footnote
Fiscal federalism refers to the financial arrangements between different levels of government.
37
What is the primary domain of healthcare in Canada?
Provincial domain
## Footnote
Each province is responsible for managing and delivering healthcare services.
38
What fiscal support does the federal government provide for healthcare?
Canada Health Transfer (CHT)
## Footnote
The CHT is a transfer payment from the federal government to provinces for healthcare funding.
39
What does the Canada Health Act establish for provincial/territorial insurance plans?
Rules and a national 'minimum standard'
## Footnote
Provinces must adhere to these standards to qualify for the Canada Health Transfer.
40
What type of transfers have been delivered to improve healthcare service delivery?
Conditional transfers
## Footnote
These are funding packages aimed at enhancing specific areas like wait times and telehealth.
41
How many public single-payer provincial/territorial insurance schemes exist in Canada?
13
## Footnote
Each scheme is distinct but shares similarities in structure and operation.
42
Fill in the blank: The Canada Health Transfer is designed to support _______.
[provincial healthcare funding]
## Footnote
The CHT is crucial for financing healthcare services at the provincial level.
43
True or False: The federal government has no role in healthcare funding in Canada.
False
## Footnote
The federal government plays a significant role through the Canada Health Transfer.
44
What are some key areas targeted by conditional transfers in healthcare?
* Wait times
* Electronic medical records
* Telehealth
* Primary care access
## Footnote
These areas are critical for improving the efficiency and quality of healthcare services.
45
What is the purpose of Fiscal Federalism in the context of health care?
To share costs 50/50 with provinces
46
What percentage of total provincial and territorial health expenditures in 2011 was constituted by non-medicare (CHA) services?
Roughly 40%
47
What was the percentage of total provincial and territorial health expenditures constituted by non-medicare (CHA) services in 1975?
23%
48
What are the two main uses of federal money in health care according to the text?
* Set minimum shared standards for publicly insured care in the provinces/territories
* Set 'encouraged' directions for health care
49
True or False: The federal government's approach to health care funding is consistent regardless of the government in power.
False
50
What is the main role of the federal government in healthcare?
Assist in financing provincial and territorial healthcare services through fiscal transfers
## Footnote
The federal government plays a crucial role in supporting healthcare at the provincial and territorial levels.
51
What standards does the federal government set in relation to healthcare transfers?
Standards and principles upon which transfers are contingent
## Footnote
These standards ensure that provinces and territories adhere to certain healthcare guidelines.
52
Which specific groups does the federal government deliver healthcare services to?
Specific groups
## Footnote
Examples may include Indigenous populations, veterans, and federal inmates.
53
What additional health-related functions does the federal government provide and fund?
Other health-related functions
## Footnote
This may include research funding, public health initiatives, and disease prevention programs.
54
What is the role of Health Canada?
Responsible for helping Canadians maintain and improve their health
## Footnote
Health Canada is the federal department responsible for health policy and regulation.
55
What does Health Canada regulate?
Product safety
## Footnote
This includes food, drugs, and medical devices.
56
What initiatives does Health Canada undertake to reduce illegal drug and tobacco use?
Reduces illegal drug/tobacco use
## Footnote
Efforts may include awareness campaigns and support programs.
57
What does Health Canada do to address environmental risks?
Reduces environmental risks
## Footnote
This may involve regulating pollutants and ensuring safe environmental practices.
58
What type of information does Health Canada provide?
Health information
## Footnote
This includes guidelines on healthy living, disease prevention, and treatment options.
59
What is the goal of Health Canada regarding health services?
Ensures that high-quality health services are accessible and works to reduce health risks
## Footnote
Accessibility and quality are key components of federal health policy.
60
Who heads Health Canada?
Federal Minister of Health
## Footnote
The Federal Minister of Health is responsible for overseeing the department and its initiatives.
61
What does CIHR stand for?
Canadian Institutes of Health Research
62
What is the major responsibility of CIHR?
Funding health research in Canada
63
List the 4 pillars of research embraced by CIHR.
* Biomedical
* Clinical
* Health Systems and Services
* Social, cultural and environmental factors and population health research
64
What is the role of the Patented Medicine Prices Review Board (PMPRB)?
Protects consumers by ensuring manufacturers’ prices of patented medicines are not 'excessive'
65
What does the PMPRB establish regarding drug prices?
Maximum price that patented drugs can be sold at
66
True or False: The PMPRB has jurisdiction over prices charged by wholesalers and pharmacies.
False
67
Fill in the blank: The PMPRB only establishes maximum prices for _______.
[patented drugs]
68
What is the discretion regarding generic drugs according to the PMPRB?
At provincial discretion
69
What type of body is the PMPRB?
Arms-length quasi-judicial body
70
What is the role of Statistics Canada?
Producing statistics to understand Canada
## Footnote
Includes stats for federal, provincial, and regional use, not limited to health.
71
What is one key health-related activity of Statistics Canada?
Canadian Community Health Survey
## Footnote
This survey collects health-related data.
72
What is the former name of Indigenous Services Canada?
First Nations and Inuit Health Branch of Health Canada
## Footnote
The agency was restructured to better serve Indigenous populations.
73
What type of services does Indigenous Services Canada provide?
Public health and health promotion services on-reserve and in Inuit communities
## Footnote
This includes various health services tailored to Indigenous needs.
74
What are some examples of non-insured health benefits provided by Indigenous Services Canada?
* Prescription drugs
* Dental care
* Vision care
* Medical transportation
## Footnote
These benefits are supplemental for Indigenous peoples.
75
What type of primary care services does Indigenous Services Canada provide?
Primary care services on-reserve in remote and isolated areas
## Footnote
These areas may lack provincial services.
76
Fill in the blank: Indigenous Services Canada provides supplemental coverage for _______.
non-insured health benefits.
77
What is the role of Provincial Government in health care?
Administer their health insurance plans
## Footnote
Provincial Governments are responsible for managing health insurance at the provincial level.
78
What types of care do Provincial Governments deliver?
Hospital care and Physician care
## Footnote
These types of care may be delegated to regional health authorities.
79
What additional types of care do Provincial Governments provide?
* Institutional and community care
* Palliative care
* Post-operative care
* Home oxygen
* Long term care assessment
* Home care
* Rehabilitation
## Footnote
These services support various health needs within the community.
80
What do Provincial Governments provide for individuals without access to Private Health Insurance?
Drug plans
## Footnote
These plans help cover medication costs for those lacking private insurance.
81
What is negotiated by Provincial Governments with health professionals?
Fee schedules
## Footnote
This negotiation determines the payment rates for health services rendered by professionals.
82
What is the primary objective of the Canada Health Act?
To protect, promote and restore the physical and mental well-being of residents of Canada and to facilitate reasonable access to health services without financial or other barriers.
83
What must provinces and territories conform to in order to receive federal transfer payments under the Canada Health Act?
Criteria/conditions related to health insurance.
84
What is the Canada Health Transfer?
Federal transfer payments to provinces and territories for health care.
85
True or False: The Canada Health Act is primarily about health care financing.
True
86
Fill in the blank: The Canada Health Act specifies criteria related to _______ that provinces/territories must conform to.
health insurance
87
What is the primary requirement for a health care insurance plan under Criterion 1?
Must be administered and operated on a non-profit basis by a public authority appointed or designated by the government of the province.
88
Who must the public authority responsible for the health care insurance plan be accountable to?
The provincial government.
89
What must the public authority be subject to regarding its financial activities?
Audit of its accounts and financial transactions by an authority charged by law.
90
True or False: Criterion 1 applies to both health care insurance plans and service delivery.
False.
91
Fill in the blank: The health care insurance plan must be operated by a _______.
public authority.
92
What must the health care insurance plan of a province insure according to Criterion 2?
All insured health services provided by hospitals, medical practitioners or dentists
## Footnote
This includes additional services rendered by other health care practitioners if permitted by provincial law.
93
Are provinces required to insure additional services beyond those provided by physicians?
No, they are allowed but not required to insure additional services
## Footnote
Provinces have the discretion to choose what additional services to cover.
94
Who decides which 'other health care practitioners' qualify for payment under the Act?
Provinces decide
## Footnote
This includes practitioners such as midwives and nurse practitioners.
95
Fill in the blank: Provinces can decide which _______ qualify for payment under the Act.
[other health care practitioners]
96
What must a provincial health care insurance plan provide to satisfy the criterion of universality?
Entitlement to one hundred per cent of the insured persons for insured health services on uniform terms and conditions
## Footnote
This ensures that all eligible individuals receive the same coverage without discrimination.
97
Who is covered under the universality criterion?
Only insured persons
## Footnote
This highlights that the criterion does not apply to those who are not insured.
98
What type of services does the universality criterion apply to?
Insured health services
## Footnote
This indicates that only health services covered by the insurance plan are subject to this criterion.
99
Fill in the blank: The health care insurance plan must entitle one hundred per cent of the insured persons to the insured health services provided for by the plan on _______.
uniform terms and conditions
100
True or False: The universality criterion applies to all residents of a province, regardless of their insurance status.
False
## Footnote
The criterion specifically applies to insured persons only.
101
What is the maximum waiting period for residents to be eligible for insured health services under the portability criterion?
Three months
## Footnote
This period refers to the maximum time a province can impose before residents qualify for health services.
102
What must a health care insurance plan provide for residents temporarily absent from the province?
Payment for the cost of insured health services
## Footnote
This ensures that insured persons can receive necessary health services even when they are not in their home province.
103
During what period must a health care insurance plan cover costs for insured persons who have moved to another province?
During any minimum period of residence or waiting period imposed by the new province
## Footnote
This ensures continuity of care for individuals transitioning between provinces.
104
True or False: Residents moving to a new province are immediately covered by the new province's health care insurance plan.
False
## Footnote
Residents are covered by their previous province's plan for up to three months.
105
Fill in the blank: The health care insurance plan must not impose any minimum period of residence or waiting period in excess of _______.
three months
## Footnote
This stipulation is part of the portability criteria for health care insurance.
106
What is the significance of the portability criterion in health care insurance plans?
Ensures residents maintain access to health services when moving between provinces
## Footnote
This criterion helps to promote equity and continuity in health care access.
107
What must the health care insurance plan of a province provide for regarding insured health services?
Uniform terms and conditions for insured health services without impeding access
## Footnote
This includes ensuring no direct or indirect charges that limit access.
108
What system must the health care insurance plan use for payment of insured health services?
A tariff or system of payment authorized by the law of the province
## Footnote
This ensures payment aligns with provincial regulations.
109
What is required for compensation for insured health services rendered by medical practitioners or dentists?
Reasonable compensation
## Footnote
The term 'reasonable compensation' is not explicitly defined.
110
What must the insurance plan provide for hospitals regarding insured health services?
Payment of amounts to hospitals for the cost of insured health services
## Footnote
This includes hospitals owned or operated by Canada.
111
True or False: The terms 'reasonable access' and 'reasonable compensation' are defined in the criteria.
False
## Footnote
These terms are not explicitly defined, indicating a need for interpretation.
112
Fill in the blank: The insurance plan must provide 'reasonable access' to _______.
insured services
## Footnote
This includes considerations beyond just cost.
113
What does the criterion respecting accessibility imply regarding provincial negotiations?
That they satisfy the condition of reasonable compensation
## Footnote
This indicates that agreements with provider groups are essential.
114
What are the provincial and territorial governments required to provide to the federal Minister of Health?
Information as prescribed by regulations under the Act
## Footnote
This requirement is outlined in section 13(a) of the Conditions.
115
What must provincial and territorial governments recognize according to section 13(b)?
Federal financial contributions toward both insured and extended health care services
## Footnote
This recognition is part of the obligations set forth in the Conditions.
116
How is 'medically necessary' defined according to the CHA?
'Medically necessary' is not defined by the CHA; it is defined by provinces and medical physician colleges
## Footnote
The CHA sets terms that provinces must meet to receive funding.
117
What does the CHA set terms for?
Funding for hospital and doctor’s services
## Footnote
Provinces must meet these terms to receive financial support.
118
What is the easiest cost for provinces to meet under the CHA?
Paying costs of hospital stays and doctor visits
## Footnote
This indicates that these services are core to the requirements of the CHA.
119
Can provinces cover services outside the core CHA?
Yes, provinces can cover other services
## Footnote
However, this leads to inconsistencies across jurisdictions.
120
What is a consequence of services outside the core CHA?
Services are inconsistent across jurisdictions
## Footnote
This reflects the variability in health care services provided by different provinces.
121
What does the Canada Health Act primarily focus on?
Treatment by physicians or in hospitals
## Footnote
The Act does not encompass other health services.
122
What major gaps does the Canada Health Act leave?
It does not address how health services outside medicare are to be provided
## Footnote
This includes important aspects of health care not covered by the Act.
123
What type of private insurance coverage is not addressed by the Canada Health Act?
Private insurance coverage outside medicare for drugs, dental services, etc.
## Footnote
This creates a lack of clarity regarding non-medicare services.
124
Does the Canada Health Act encourage interdisciplinary approaches to health services?
No
## Footnote
The Act does not promote collaboration among different health professionals.
125
What aspect of health facilities does the Canada Health Act not deal with?
Ownership of health facilities
## Footnote
This leaves questions regarding the governance and management of health infrastructure.
126
What is policy?
A set of interrelated decisions taken by a political actor or group concerning the selection of goals and the means of achieving them within a specified situation.
127
What factors do decision makers typically consider in policy making?
Personal beliefs, values, evidence, factors such as elections and recessions, stakeholder pressure, and institutional constraints.
128
True or False: The policy making process is assumed to be linear.
False
129
What do models and frameworks help us understand in policy making?
They help us understand complex processes, past choices, and plan for future implementation.
130
List the four key objectives of policy that often conflict with each other.
* Security
* Liberty
* Equity
* Efficiency
131
What are the three components of the 3-I's Framework?
Interests, Ideas, Institutions
## Footnote
The framework is used to analyze political behavior and policymaking.
132
Define 'Interests' in the context of the 3-I's Framework.
Agendas of societal groups, elected officials, civil servants, researchers, and policy entrepreneurs
## Footnote
This definition highlights the various stakeholders involved in the political process.
133
What does 'Ideas' refer to in the 3-I's Framework?
Knowledge or beliefs about what is, views about what ought to be, or combinations of the two
## Footnote
This aspect emphasizes the role of beliefs and knowledge in shaping policy.
134
How are 'Institutions' defined in the 3-I's Framework?
The formal and informal rules, norms, precedents, and organizational factors that structure political behaviour
## Footnote
Institutions influence how political actors interact and make decisions.
135
What are the key questions regarding interests?
Who wins and who loses?
By how much do they win or lose?
Have groups mobilized around specific interests?
## Footnote
These questions help analyze the dynamics of power and influence among different groups.
136
What sources of evidence might be used in analyzing interests?
By whom?
## Footnote
Identifying sources of evidence is crucial for understanding the legitimacy and context of claims made by different groups.
137
How would you describe evidence in terms of strength?
Strong, weak, complex, consensual, uncertain, controversial
## Footnote
The description of evidence can impact the interpretation and acceptance of claims made in debates over interests.
138
What societal aspects may influence values and ideologies?
Societal values
Ideology of the government
Values or ideology of professional groups
## Footnote
These factors shape the perspectives and motivations of different stakeholders in any given issue.
139
What are the three factors that shape, reinforce, or constrain policy developments and choices?
Government structures, policy networks, policy legacies
## Footnote
Government structures refer to political arrangements and accountability structures.
140
How do government structures influence policy choices?
They determine political arrangements and accountability structures
## Footnote
This can affect how policies are formulated and implemented.
141
What are policy networks?
Relationships between government and outside actors
## Footnote
These networks can include stakeholders such as NGOs, businesses, and community groups.
142
What do policy legacies refer to?
Past policies and 'path dependence'
## Footnote
These legacies can limit the range of options available for future policy decisions.
143
What is path dependence in the context of policy?
The limitation of options based on past choices
## Footnote
This can occur even when the original circumstances are no longer relevant.
144
Fill in the blank: The range of options available is limited by choices made in the past, even when the circumstances giving rise to those circumstances are no longer _______.
relevant
145
True or False: Policy networks only involve relationships between government entities.
False
## Footnote
Policy networks also include outside actors.
146
How can past policies affect current policy decisions?
They create policy legacies that influence future options
## Footnote
This is referred to as path dependence.
147
What are the distinct stages in the Stages Heuristic policy process?
* Agenda
* Policy formulation
* Policy adoption
* Policy implementation
* Policy assessment
## Footnote
This framework divides the policy process into clear, sequential stages.
148
What does the Multiple Streams Framework emphasize?
Windows of opportunity when recognition of a problem, an acceptable solution, and politics align
## Footnote
This framework suggests that policy change occurs when these three streams converge.
149
Describe the Punctuated Equilibrium Framework (PEF).
Long periods of small, incremental changes punctuated by brief bursts of major policy shifts
## Footnote
PEF illustrates how policy can remain stable for long periods before experiencing sudden changes.
150
What is the focus of the Advocacy Coalition Framework?
Coalitions of various stakeholders advocating for specific policy outcomes
## Footnote
This framework examines how groups come together to influence policy over time.
151
What does the Institutional Analysis and Development Framework analyze?
The role of institutions in shaping policy outcomes
## Footnote
This framework focuses on how institutional structures affect decision-making and policy processes.
