Module 4 Flashcards
(164 cards)
1
Q
What is the definition of Health Workforce according to WHO?
A
All people engaged in actions whose primary intent is to enhance health
WHO, 2006
2
Q
Who are considered frontline clinical staff?
A
Staff who work directly with patients, which may be regulated or unregulated
3
Q
Who provides support to frontline clinical staff?
A
Individuals or groups that assist frontline clinical staff in their duties
4
Q
What roles do those who manage the health workforce and health system play?
A
They oversee the organization and functioning of the health workforce and health system
5
Q
What types of workers are included in the health workforce?
A
Governmental and non-governmental workers
6
Q
What responsibilities do governmental/non-governmental workers have in health workforce?
A
Address education, accreditation, funding, regulation, practice, and deployment of frontline health workers
7
Q
What is the healthcare division of labor?
A
Allocation of tasks between workforce groups on the basis of skill, education or job classification
Highly segregated and hierarchical
8
Q
Define professional dominance.
A
The ways a profession uses legal and clinical autonomy to gain power over other professional groups, the profession’s domain and financial arrangements
Control over context/terms of work, content of work, clients (patients), and other related occupations
9
Q
What is professionalization?
A
Process by which work done by a group becomes organized, controlled, codified into regulatory and education systems
10
Q
What are scopes of practice?
A
What members of a healthcare profession are legally able to do
11
Q
What are models of care?
A
The structure/organization that govern how health care professionals work together to deliver services
12
Q
Define interprofessional teams.
A
Teams with different healthcare disciplines working together towards common goals to meet the needs of a patient population
Work divided according to scope of practice and share information to support each other, coordinate care processes and interventions
13
Q
What are models of practice?
A
A profession’s specific approach to delivering care
14
Q
What is health workforce planning?
A
The process of estimating the number of persons and the kind of knowledge, skills, and attitudes they need to achieve predetermined health targets and ultimately health status objectives.
Health workforce planning is essential for ensuring that the health system meets the needs of the population.
15
Q
What are the key components of health workforce planning?
A
Specifying who is going to do what, when, where, how, and with what resources for what population groups or individuals.
These components ensure that roles and responsibilities are clearly defined in health service delivery.
16
Q
True or False: Health workforce planning is a sporadic process.
A
False
Health workforce planning must be a continuing process, not sporadic.
17
Q
What is required for effective health workforce planning?
A
Continuous monitoring and evaluation.
This ensures that the planning process remains relevant and effective in meeting health objectives.
18
Q
Fill in the blank: Health workforce planning involves estimating the number of persons and the kind of _______ they need.
A
[knowledge, skills, and attitudes]
These elements are crucial for achieving health targets.
19
Q
What is the ultimate goal of health workforce planning?
A
To achieve predetermined health targets and ultimately health status objectives.
This goal aligns workforce capabilities with the health needs of the population.
20
Q
What does health workforce planning specify?
A
Who is going to do what, when, where, how, and with what resources.
Clarity in these specifications is vital for successful implementation.
21
Q
What are ratio-based approaches in workforce planning?
A
Using ratios of health care professionals to population within specific geographic regions.
Pros include ease of calculation with readily available data, while cons involve assumptions about uniform need and comparable jurisdictions.
22
Q
What is a con of ratio-based approaches?
A
Assumptions about uniform need, comparable jurisdictions.
Additionally, they rely on uni-professional models, lacking the ability to account for team-based care.
23
Q
Which teams most often use ratio-based approaches?
A
Workforce planning teams within provincial ministries of health and health authorities.
This indicates a common practice in health system planning.
24
Q
What are utilization-based approaches in workforce planning?
A
Applying past healthcare utilization rates to project future demand and adjust workforce accordingly.
This method can lead to underestimating or overestimating need.
25
What is a con of utilization-based approaches?
Underestimate or overestimate need because utilization ≠ need.
## Footnote
This highlights the limitations of relying solely on past utilization data.
26
What are needs-based approaches in workforce planning?
Estimating workforce requirements using demographic and epidemiological profiles and established service levels.
## Footnote
This approach is more aligned with the overarching objectives of the healthcare system.
27
What is a pro of needs-based approaches?
Most aligned with the overarching objectives of our system.
## Footnote
They consider demographic and health data to better match workforce needs.
28
What is a con of needs-based approaches?
Very resource intensive and often required data are absent.
## Footnote
This can hinder effective planning and implementation.
29
What is the OECD definition of regulation?
A diverse set of instruments by which governments set requirements on enterprises and citizens, including laws, orders, subordinate rules, administrative formalities, and rules issued by non-governmental or self-regulatory bodies.
## Footnote
This definition emphasizes the comprehensive nature of regulation in governance.
30
What does professional regulation provide?
Legally binding directives that define, describe, protect, and enforce important distinguishing characteristics that classify a given profession.
## Footnote
This includes aspects such as protected titles and entry-to-practice requirements.
31
What are protected titles in regulated professions?
Titles that can only be used by individuals who meet the professional requirements of licensure.
## Footnote
This ensures that the public can trust that a 'physician' is a qualified physician or a 'pharmacist' is a qualified pharmacist.
32
What characterizes regulated health professions?
Professionals with a legally defined scope of practice requiring university-acquired, specialized body of knowledge, such as physicians, nurses, and pharmacists.
## Footnote
These professions typically involve direct patient care.
33
What defines unregulated health professions?
Professions that do not have a legally defined scope and may not involve direct patient care, such as personal support workers and medical office assistants.
## Footnote
These roles may vary significantly in terms of responsibilities and qualifications.
34
How many regulated health professions are there in British Columbia (BC)?
26 regulated health professions.
## Footnote
The number of regulated professions can vary by jurisdiction.
35
How many regulated health professions are there in Ontario (ON)?
27 regulated health professions.
## Footnote
This reflects the local regulatory framework and public health needs.
36
How many regulated health professions are there in Nova Scotia (NS)?
22 regulated health professions.
## Footnote
Differences in numbers can indicate varying regulatory approaches across provinces.
37
What is self-regulation?
Government delegates regulatory authority to the profession itself
38
What are the characteristics of self-regulating professions?
* a unique combination of knowledge and skills
* independence from external interference in the affairs of the profession
39
What do self-regulatory professions control?
* who is considered part of the profession (exclusive use of protected title and right to practice)
* who can perform what task (controlled acts)
* standards of practice
* how services are 'sold' (advertising, pricing/compensation, business structure)
40
What is the legal obligation of a health regulator's college?
To protect the public through the regulation of their registrants
41
What are the responsibilities of regulatory colleges?
* Maintain professional standards
* Discipline their members when they fail to meet standards
* Develop practice guidelines for professionals
42
What do disciplinary boards within regulatory colleges do?
Hear complaints from the public and providers and adjudicate complaints
43
What is accreditation?
Assures that educational institutions meet required standards
44
What does certification attest to?
That a person has met educational/training standards
45
True or False: Accreditation is recognized across Canada and some other countries.
True
46
Fill in the blank: Certification is usually recognized across _______ but not usually other countries.
Canada
47
What does registration publicly identify?
Who is qualified as part of the profession
## Footnote
Registration is managed by a provincial body and is not transferable.
48
What is the purpose of licensing?
Grants ability to perform 'restricted tasks'
## Footnote
Licensing is managed by a provincial body and is not transferable.
49
What does licensing ensure?
Practices are 'up to standards of profession'
## Footnote
Licensing involves establishing standards and investigating complaints.
50
What are some responsibilities of a licensing body?
* Establishes standards
* Investigates complaints
* Quality assurance
## Footnote
These responsibilities ensure that the profession maintains its integrity and standards.
51
What is the aim of the self-regulation of the medical profession?
To ensure quality and standards in medical education and practice
## Footnote
This includes accreditation, certification, registration, and licensure processes.
52
What organization is responsible for approving undergraduate education in Canada?
Committee of the Accreditation of Canadian Medical Schools
## Footnote
This committee evaluates and accredits medical schools in Canada.
53
Which council identifies medical graduates who meet undergraduate standards?
Medical Council of Canada
## Footnote
This council conducts evaluations and assessments for medical students.
54
Which organizations approve post-graduate and continuing medical education programs?
* College of Family Physicians of Canada
* Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
## Footnote
These organizations ensure that continuing education meets the required standards.
55
What does CCFP stand for?
Certification in Family Medicine
## Footnote
This certification is awarded to family physicians in Canada.
56
What does FRCPC stand for?
Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians of Canada
## Footnote
This certification is for specialists in various medical fields.
57
What does FRCSC stand for?
Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons of Canada
## Footnote
This certification is specific to surgical specialties.
58
Which body is responsible for registration and licensure of physicians in a province?
Provincial College of Physicians and Surgeons
## Footnote
Each province has its own college that regulates the practice of medicine.
59
What does the Provincial College of Physicians and Surgeons identify?
* Those qualified to practice in the province
* Type of practice permitted
## Footnote
This ensures that only qualified individuals can practice medicine in the province.
60
What are the issues mentioned in the Cayton Report?
Regulatory management issues with some Colleges, such as anti-vaccine propaganda spread by members of the College of Naturopaths and College of Chiropractors.
## Footnote
The report highlights the need for better oversight of health profession regulations.
61
What changes did the Cayton Report advise for the Health Professions Act?
Sweeping changes, including reducing the number of Colleges and mandating a single code of conduct.
## Footnote
This aims to improve regulatory consistency and accountability across health professions.
62
Fill in the blank: The Cayton Report highlighted issues with the regulatory management of some Colleges, such as the College of _______.
Naturopaths
63
True or False: The Cayton Report recommended maintaining the current number of Colleges.
False
## Footnote
The report advised reducing the number of Colleges.
64
Which two Colleges were specifically mentioned in the Cayton Report for allowing anti-vaccine propaganda?
* College of Naturopaths
* College of Chiropractors
65
What are the six regulatory colleges in BC?
1. College of Complementary Health Professionals of BC
2. College of Health and Care Professionals of BC
3. College of Physicians and Surgeons of BC
4. College of Oral Health Professionals
5. College of Registered Nurses
6. College of Pharmacists
## Footnote
These colleges oversee various health professions in British Columbia.
66
What is the exception regarding social workers in BC?
Social workers are a self-regulating profession governed by a regulatory college under the Social Workers Act.
## Footnote
This means that social workers have their own regulatory framework separate from the other colleges.
67
What is the role of Doctors of BC?
Represents all physicians within BC
## Footnote
Acts like a trade union and negotiates with the province on issues affecting physicians.
68
What is the most significant issue that Doctors of BC negotiates?
The fee-for-service schedule
## Footnote
This schedule outlines the payments physicians receive for services rendered.
69
Who decides the representation of physicians on joint committees?
Doctors of BC
## Footnote
They determine who will represent physicians on various committees with the Ministry of Health.
70
What are the two categories of health professions?
Regulated and unregulated
## Footnote
Regulation provides legal frameworks for various aspects of health professions.
71
What does regulation provide for health professions?
Legal frameworks for protected titles, skill sets, education, and entry to practice requirements
## Footnote
This ensures standards are maintained within the profession.
72
What are self-regulating professions?
Professions where government has delegated regulatory authority to the profession itself
## Footnote
Examples include physicians and nurses.
73
How many regulatory colleges does BC have?
Six regulatory colleges
## Footnote
These colleges cover 25 regulated health professions.
74
What report led to the streamlining of regulatory processes in BC?
The Cayton report
## Footnote
This report resulted in the consolidation of regulatory processes for health professions.
75
What does 'supply' refer to in the context of health workforce concerns?
Number of professionals providing health services
## Footnote
This indicates the total count of healthcare providers available to deliver care.
76
What is meant by 'distribution' in health workforce concerns?
Locations or deployment of healthcare professionals across geographic sectors or across care sectors
## Footnote
This includes the allocation of health workers in primary, secondary, and tertiary care.
77
Define 'mix' in the context of health workforce.
Relative number of professionals providing types of specialty services
## Footnote
This highlights the diversity of specialties among healthcare providers.
78
What does 'support' entail for health workers?
Addressing mental health and change management needs of health workers
## Footnote
This is crucial for maintaining the well-being and effectiveness of healthcare professionals.
79
What is a shortage in the context of the workforce?
Not enough workers to meet demand/need
80
What is a surplus in the context of the workforce?
More workers than required leading to un- or under-employment
81
What factors should be considered when discussing workforce supply?
Activity and participation
82
What does distribution refer to in the context of the health workforce?
Ways professionals are spread across geographies and care settings
83
What is a key issue in the distribution of health professionals?
Imbalance between provinces/territories, urban vs. rural areas, care sectors
84
What does the mix of health professionals include?
Intra- and inter-professional dynamics
85
What are some examples of intra- and inter-professional mixes?
Doctors vs. nurses; family docs vs. general surgeons
86
What factors are linked to the mix of health professionals?
Scope of practice, skill mix, and ability to task shift within teams
87
What does support refer to in the health workforce context?
Ensuring the mental and physical well-being of the health workforce
88
How much more violence do health workers face compared to other professions?
Four times the violence
89
What is a significant issue related to workplace violence among health workers?
Incidents are minimized or go unreported due to a culture of silence
90
Which group of health professionals is particularly vulnerable to workplace violence?
Nurses
91
What were the levels of burnout during the COVID pandemic?
Extremely high levels of burnout
92
What are the mental health consequences of burnout for healthcare workers?
Reduces the quality of patient care
93
What issues are linked to intention to leave the workforce?
Burnout, poor mental health, workplace violence
94
What percentage of health workers are women?
80%
95
What is a key issue regarding gender in the health workforce?
Women are underrepresented in leadership roles and in dominant professions
96
What gender differences exist in the workforce?
Hours of work, career trajectory, remuneration, work-life balance
97
What is a critical need regarding Indigenous health workers?
Increase the number of Indigenous health workers
98
Is Indigenous status data routinely collected?
No
99
What challenges do immigrant health workers face?
Lengthy and expensive certification processes
100
What ethical dilemmas arise from the recruitment of internationally-trained health professionals?
Active international recruitment; Canada is a net importer
101
What role do caregivers with precarious immigration status fill in Canadian health care?
They fill critical roles
102
What document addresses international recruitment of health personnel?
The WHO Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel
103
What are the main issues with critical health workforce data?
Inaccessible, fragmented, or not collected at all
## Footnote
Critical health workforce data is essential for effective planning and management of healthcare resources.
104
What is the primary source for workforce planning?
Regulatory colleges
## Footnote
Regulatory colleges oversee the licensing and regulation of health professionals.
105
What type of data do regulatory colleges provide?
Individual-level data only
## Footnote
This data does not include information on teams or skill mix.
106
What limitations exist in the data provided by regulatory colleges?
Headcounts, limited geographic data, silent on race, ethnicity, Indigenous status, gender
## Footnote
The data lacks depth and diversity, which are crucial for comprehensive workforce analysis.
107
Is there a central collection point for unregulated professions?
No
## Footnote
The absence of a central collection point complicates workforce planning for these professions.
108
What is lacking in terms of coding and standards for health workforce data in Canada?
Pan-Canadian, uniform coding, standards or regulation
## Footnote
Consistent coding and standards are necessary for effective data sharing and analysis.
109
What are the challenges related to funding for health workforce data?
Limited funding and willingness to collect, compile, store, share, link, and analyze data
## Footnote
Insufficient funding hampers the ability to manage and utilize health workforce data effectively.
110
What is the trend in the per-capita supply of professions?
Increasing but at variable rates.
111
Which profession has the highest per-capita supply growth?
Nurse practitioners.
112
Which profession has the lowest per-capita supply growth?
Registered nurses.
113
What is the trend for the growth rate of family physicians?
Falling.
114
What is the trend for the growth rate of pharmacists?
Falling.
115
What is the growth rate trend for registered nurses?
Increasing.
116
What are the key health workforce concerns?
Supply, distribution, mix, and support
## Footnote
These concerns are interrelated.
117
What important aspects should be considered in health workforce planning?
Equity, diversity, and inclusion
118
Who are underrepresented in the health workforce?
Indigenous people and women in leadership roles
119
What is a significant issue with current health workforce datasets?
They are missing key data, fragmented, and often inaccessible
120
How is the supply of health professionals trending in relation to population growth?
Increasing at or above population growth rate
121
What ongoing issue exists despite the increase in health professionals?
Distributional issues and shortages in some professions
122
What is the total number of internationally educated health professionals (IEHPs) in Canada?
Just under 260,000
## Footnote
This includes professionals from various healthcare fields.
123
What percentage of IEHPs studied nursing?
One third
## Footnote
This represents a significant proportion of the IEHPs.
124
What percentage of IEHPs studied medicine?
15%
## Footnote
This is a smaller proportion compared to nursing.
125
What percentage of IEHPs studied pharmacy?
8%
## Footnote
This is equal to the percentage of IEHPs who studied dentistry.
126
What percentage of IEHPs studied dentistry?
8%
## Footnote
This is the same percentage as those who studied pharmacy.
127
What is the gender distribution of IEHPs?
70% are women
## Footnote
This indicates a significant female presence in the IEHP population.
128
What challenges do IEHPs face in integrating into the healthcare system?
Complex and lengthy credential recognition and recertification process
## Footnote
This process varies by profession, source country, and jurisdiction.
129
What factors influence the credential recognition and recertification process for IEHPs?
Profession, source country, and jurisdiction
## Footnote
These factors contribute to the complexity of the process.
130
What should learners consider about studying medicine abroad?
Think twice about going abroad to study medicine
## Footnote
This suggests potential challenges or considerations in this decision.
131
What are the ongoing challenges related to IEHPs?
Under or unemployment of IEHPs
## Footnote
This highlights a significant issue in the integration of IEHPs into the workforce.
132
What ethical considerations are associated with Canada’s international recruitment practices?
Comment on the ethics of Canada’s international recruitment practices
## Footnote
This invites discussion on the moral implications of recruiting health professionals from abroad.
133
What percentage of IEHPs were employed in 2021?
76%
134
What is the census rate of employment compared to the employed IEHPs?
80%
135
What proportion of employed IEHPs are working in health occupations?
6 in 10
136
True or False: Male IEHPs are more likely to work in health occupations than female IEHPs.
False
137
In what type of occupations are male IEHPs more likely to be employed?
Managerial or professional health occupations
138
Which group of IEHPs earns more, males or females?
Males
139
Are IEHPs in racialized groups more or less likely to work in professional health occupations compared to non-racialized?
Less likely
140
What issue do IEHPs often face regarding their qualifications in Canada?
They are often overqualified for the jobs they hold
141
In 2016, what percentage of IEHPs aged 20-44 were either unemployed or employed in non-health occupations requiring no more than a high school diploma?
Nearly half
142
What is the voluntary code that Canada is a signatory to regarding international recruitment?
It outlines principles of ethical recruitment.
143
What principle does the voluntary code discourage?
Active recruitment from countries that have pressing workforce needs.
144
What is one goal of the workforce planning strategies outlined in the voluntary code?
Workforce sustainability and self-sufficiency.
145
What type of cooperation does the voluntary code promote?
International cooperation between source and destination countries.
146
Fill in the blank: The voluntary code includes principles aimed at _______.
[ethical recruitment]
147
What is a key issue with Canada's current workforce strategies?
They are not in alignment with the WHO Code
## Footnote
Some strategies conflict with international recruitment guidelines.
148
What do some provinces continue to do regarding workforce recruitment?
Recruit from countries on the WHO safeguard list
## Footnote
This is contrary to best practices recommended by WHO.
149
What is one of the challenges Canada faces in workforce planning?
Poor approaches to workforce planning
## Footnote
This includes issues such as fractured data infrastructure.
150
What does Canada need to achieve in terms of workforce self-sufficiency?
A long way from 'self-sufficiency'
## Footnote
Current policies and strategies are insufficient to reach this goal.
151
What must Canada’s plans include regarding workforce issues?
How immigration fits within our workforce
## Footnote
Effective integration of immigration is crucial for workforce development.
152
How many Canadians are studying medicine abroad?
3,600 Canadians studying medicine abroad (CSAs)
## Footnote
CSAs are enrolled in 130 schools across 30 countries.
153
What percentage of Canadians studying medicine abroad intend to return to Canada for post-graduate training?
90%
## Footnote
This indicates a strong preference for post-graduate training in Canada.
154
What is one primary reason why students train abroad?
75% were not accepted into Canadian medical schools
## Footnote
This highlights the competitive nature of Canadian medical school admissions.
155
What advantage do some medical schools abroad offer to students?
Expedited timelines (i.e. direct entry from high school)
## Footnote
This allows students to enter medical training earlier.
156
What do most Canadians studying medicine abroad lack awareness of?
Limited opportunities for residency training
## Footnote
This includes both Canada and their host countries.
157
What challenge do Canadians studying medicine abroad face regarding residency slots?
They compete for the same limited pool of residency slots available to other international medical graduates
## Footnote
This increases competition and reduces chances of placement.
158
What fraction of Canadians studying medicine abroad ultimately end up in residency training in Canada?
Less than 1/3
## Footnote
This statistic underscores the difficulty of transitioning to residency in Canada.
159
What do IEHPs make up in the Canadian health workforce?
A considerable proportion
## Footnote
The proportion varies by jurisdiction and profession.
160
What is a common issue faced by IEHPs in Canada?
Higher rates of unemployment than the general population
## Footnote
This indicates challenges in integrating into the workforce.
161
What percentage of IEHPs are employed in health professions?
Only 60%
## Footnote
Even fewer are employed within the profession for which they trained.
162
What international agreement is Canada a signatory to regarding health personnel recruitment?
WHO Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel
## Footnote
This code outlines ethical recruitment practices.
163
True or False: All of Canada's recruitment practices align with the WHO Global Code of Practice.
False
## Footnote
Not all of Canada’s practices are in alignment with the code.
164
What warning is given regarding attending medical school abroad?
Do not go to medical school abroad without understanding the process for obtaining licensure in Canada
## Footnote
It is crucial to be clear on the odds of success.
