Module 2 Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
what are the traits of a primate
A
- forward facing eyes
- nails instead of claws
- large brain for body size
- grasping hands and feet
2
Q
what are the 6 ways humans and great apes skull differ
A
- Gait
- brain size
- differences in importance of senses
- mating systems
- communication
- differences in food processing and dietary differences
3
Q
what is the position of the foremen magnun in humans compared to apes
A
humans - inferior and central
apes - posterior
4
Q
Order these species from largest brain capacity to smallest: human , gorilla, orangutan, chimpanzee
A
- human
- gorilla
- chimpanzee and orangutan
5
Q
what does encephalisation quotient mean
A
size of Brian in comparison to body weight
6
Q
what are the differences in brain shape in humans compared to apes
A
humans - more round and have a larger frontal, partial and temeprol lobe
apes have a post orbital constriction
7
Q
why does the senses level of importance matter
A
eg if sight is the main sense the eye orbits will be bigger
eg if the olfactory system is more important nasal cavity will be bigger
8
Q
what shaped dental arcade do apes have
A
U shaped dental arcade
9
Q
what shaped dental arcade to humans have
A
parabolic dental arcade
10
Q
How does an apes diet influence it dentition
A
harder foods like nuts, high fibre tough food= needs large canines and molars = robust teeth and large surface area
11
Q
how does humans diet influxes their dentition
A
food is processed - small canines and teeth
12
Q
what does apes diets have on their masticatory muscles
A
more chewing - bigger muscles for more force
13
Q
what are apes masticatory muscles attachment sites
A
temporalis muslces attaches at sagittal crest
sagittal crest is robust and sticks up
14
Q
what is the CP3 horning complex
A
it involves the P3 , lower and upper canine
the upper canine gets sharpened by the p3 and is used for competitive mating
15
Q
Is evolution linear
A
no
16
Q
when did the rapid increase of brain size occur
A
2million years ago.
17
Q
with what hominin species did we see a rise in Brian size
A
homo habalis
18
Q
what is the pattern of brain shape over time starting with sahelanthropus tchadensis(6ma)
A
S. tchadensis had an elongated and short brain
the cranium started to run with A. africans and homo Erectus had a human like skull and neanderthalensis had the largest size
19
Q
what caused an increase in size in parietal lobes( forward planning), borccas area ( language) and frontal lobes (spatialvusual intergration)
A
hunting and migration
20
Q
what hominin was the first to follow herd out of Africa
A
homo erectus
21
Q
what is the overall trend in fascial angle
A
early hominins has very pan like facial angles which later one reduced.
22
Q
what was the cause of facial angle reduction
A
diet and olfactory system
23
Q
is this facial angle reduction linear and why
A
no we see that 2.5 MA P. aiethipicus was similar to pan which existed around the same time as non pan like hominins
24
Q
what are the two main adaptions in the upper limb
A
- locomotion
- grip
25
what is the arm and leg ratio for brahciators
longer arms than legs
26
what are the two type of walkers for quadrupeds
knuckle walkers
fist walkers
27
what are structures/features in brachiators that cause increased shoulder mobility
- shallow glenoid fossa
- shape of humeral head
- position and shape of scapula
28
what is the difference in the orientation of glenoid fossa in brachiators
more cranially oriented
29
what is the difference in the shape of the scapula in apes compared to humans
longer and narrower
30
what was the change in function of the wrist
changed from stability to mobility
31
what adaptations caused a more mobile wrist
ulna no longer contacts carpals
increase range range of motion
32
what are some adaptations for knuckle walkers
- ridge on the dorsal surface of the metacarpal heads
- distal radial surface extended dorsally
- fused centrale in carpals
33
what are the difference in the hand between apes and humans
apes: longer hands, curved phalanges, much longer fingers than thumbs
humans: shorter hands, straighter phalanges, thumb is larger than other apes
34
what are the differences in posture between bipedals and quadrupeds
bipedal- head balance, vertical spine, hips extended
quadrupeds - head suspended, spine is almost horizontal, shoulders and hips flexed
35
what are the differences in vertebral column
bipedalism - s shaped curvature, primary and secondary curvature
quadrupeds - c shaped spine, vertebrae are all the same size
apes have 13 thoracic vertebrae
36
what is the difference between rib cage shape
human - broad but flat
apes - round
37
what is the difference between shape of the pelvis between bipedal and quadrupedal
bipedal - short and bowl shaped
quadrupedal - ilium is long and flat
38
what is the difference between shape of the sacrum between bipedal and quadrupedal
due to muscle attachment and brith
bipedal - broad and short
quadrupedal - long and narrow
due to weight distribution
39
what are osteoblast
build ECM/bone
40
what are osteoclast
break ECM/bone
41
what are osteocytes
mature osteoblast
42
what are the functions of the osteoblast
communicate, remodel and repair
43
what are the two types of bone
compact/cortical bone
spongy bone
44
what are the two components of bone
inorganic
organic
45
what is inorganic bone made up of and what is the function
calcium
resist compression
46
what is organic bone made up of and what is the function
collagen
resist tensile forces
47
exlplain the what cortical bone is made up of
contain dense oteons which are made up of layers of lamellae within each lamella are lacuna which osteocytes lay within. lacunae are all connect by channels called canaliculi. each osteon contains a central canal containing bv
48
what surrounds bone
periosteum
49
what is the growth plate/ epiphysis plate
an area between the diaphysis and epiphysis were new bone grows
50
what are the 5 zones of the growth plate
reserve zone - resting cartilaginous cells
cell proliferation - mitosis
cell hypertrophy - die
calcification - ECM
bone deposition - causes linear growth - osteoclast and osteoclasts blast
51
what is another name for metaphisis
growth plate
52
what zone is closest to the secondary ossification zone
reserve zone
53
what zone is closest to the primary ossification zone
bone deposition zone
54
describe how cartilage becomes bone for primary and secondary ossification centres
chonrocyes in the hyaline cartilage start to hypertrophy/swell causing them to die, this creates the ossification centre, the centre on the bone then forms - bv, bone cells remove chrondorcyte and form bon, primary marrow
55
how does the bones shaft widen
laying down of new bone underneath periosteum
56
what surface does the bone get taken away from during growth
endosteum surface
57
when does fusion of epiphyseal plate occur
when liner bone growth ends
58
what are the 4 ways age estimation in infants and children can be examined
1. dental againg methods
2. length of long bone
3. appearance of primary ossification sites
4. growth plates of epiphysis
59
what cells lay down the enamel
ameloblast
60
what cells lay down the dentin
ondoblast
61
what is the main standard method for dental aging
Moores, fanning and hunt
62
what can the neonatal line on the tooth tell us
time of death
63
when estimating age using lenght o long bones what method do we use
fazekas and kosa, schevier and back chart
64
what are the limitations of the fazekas and kosa, schevier and back chart
base of a specific population
65
what are the two thing we can look at to asses growth disturbances
1. linear enamel hypolasia
2. Harris lines of long bone s
66
what are the advantages of using linear enamel hypolasia
teeth are well preserved
found in deciduous and perment teeth
the location tells us when stress occurred
67
what are some limitation when comparing linear hypolasia
some teeth are more susceptible like the canines and anterior teeth
68
what are the limitations of Harris line
bones remodel over time
poot persevation
69
what is the function of the foot in bipedal
stabilisers and absorbs shock
70
what is the function of quadrupeds
grasping
71
what is the definition of sex
assigned at brith
72
do anthropologist use sex of gender for sex estimation
sex
73
define gender
social construct
74
does sex and gender exist on a spectrum and what is that spectrum
yes
sex- male , intersex and female
gender, man , lgbtq, woman
75
how does sex morphological sex estimation methods acknowledge this spectrum
the scoring of sex characteristics In the pelvis and cranium are down on s scale which accounts for variation in morphology
76
what is dimorphsim
shape difference between the two ends of the spectrum (male and female)
77
is skeletal morphology a secondary of primary sex characteristic
secondary
78
what is the mai method for cranial sex estimation
buikstra and ubekakar(1994)
79
what is the main method for sex estimation using the ilium of the pelvis
buikstra and ubekakar(1994)
80
what is the main method for sex estimation using the pubis of the pelvis
phenice, (1969)
81
what is the most accurate bone for sex estimation
pelvis
82
what is the pelvis the most accurate for sex estimation
because it is closer linked to reproduction
83
what is the correct classification rate fro the pelvis
96%
84
out of the pubis and the ilium what is the most accurate
pubis
85
what are the 3 characteristics of the pubis that are used for sex estimation
1. ventral arc
2. subpubic concavity
3. ishiopubic ramis ridge
86
what is the overall scoring system for the the characteristics of the pubis
1-3
1= female
2= intermediate
3= male
87
describe the scoring system of the ventral arc
1= ventral arc is present
2= intermediate/ambiguous
3= no ventral arc
88
why does the ventral arc exist in females
attachment site for abductor brevis and graciailis.
89
describe the scoring system for the ishiopubic ramus ridge
1= sharp ridge
2= unclear
3= no ridge, broad and flat bone
90
describe the scoring system for the subpubic concavity
1= concave subpubic area
2= straight/unclear subpubic area
3= straight to convex subpubic area
91
what are the two characteristics of the ilium used in sex estimation
1. greater sciatic notch
2. preauricular sulcus
92
describe how the greater sciatic notch is scored
1= wide notch
2-4 = female to male
5= male
93
describe the scoring system of the preauricular sulcus
0= absent
1-4 = variation in presence
94
what sex does the preauricular sulcus appear more
females
95
what is the limitation of using the preauricular sulcus
it should only reuse to strengthen a sex estimation and should not be used on its own
96
what is the classification rate of the skull and why is it not at accurate
upto 90%
not as accurate as it is not directly relates to reproduction like the pelvis
97
what are the differences in size and shape of the skull between male and female
males have a larger and more robust
female have a smaller and more gracile
98
what are the 5 characteristics of the skull used for sex estimation
1. nuchal crest
2. mastoid process
3. supraorbital margin
4. supraorbital ridge
5. mental eminance
99
how is the scoring of the skull done
1-5
1= femle
2-4= range from female to male
5= male
100
what is the method for post cranium sex estimation
spradley and janz (2011)
101
what did spradley and janz (2011) use to determine sex estimation
established osteometrics and discriminate function analysis
102
how does the sectioning point tell us about the sex
over the sectioning point = male
under the sectioning point = female
103
what is the classification rate for post cranium sex estimation
nothing above 90%
104
what are the limitation of spradley and janz (2011)
it is based of a white American population therefore not accurate for other populations
age also effects sex estimation
105
what are the 6 elements of creating a biological profile
1. inventory
2. MNI
3. age of death
4. sex estimation
5. taphonomy
6. other observation
106
what are the two key paradigms
1. evolution
2. bioculture
107
in simple terms what is the scientific revolution
drastic change in the scientific thought
108
what did the scientific revolution challenge
the church
fixity of species
109
what did cards Linnaeus do
- classified gods creations into categories
- introduced the binomial system
110
what is the binomial system
a system used to name organisms
it gives species a two part scientific name consisting of the genus and the species
111
describe the taxonomy
kingdom - Animalia
phylum - chordata
class- mammalian
order - primates
family - hominidae
genus - homo
species - sapiens
112
what is cladistics
method of classification that takes into account for those with shared characteristics to find the common ancestor
113
what are homologous traits
traits with similar structure but different function s
114
what are analogous traits
similar appearance and function but different evolutionary function
115
what is convergent evolution
species that have independent evolution but similar adaptations - look similar due to same environment
116
what are the names of the early thinkers
Erasmus Darwin
jean baptise lamarck
George cuvier
Charles Lyell
Thomas malthus
117
what did eramus Darwin think
species could acquire characteristics through interactions between their environment and each other
118
what did jean baptise lamarck think
that traits that were acquired during lifetime could be inheritable
119
what did George cavier discover/ do
added extinct species into taxonomy and classification
catastrophism - diversity was shaped by catastrophic events
change over time
120
what did Lyell think
time and uniform processes
121
what did Thomas Malthus discover
completion and struggle for existence
122
what are the components of early evolutionary thinking
variation
inheritance
selection
123
what are the 7 evolutionary forces
1, history
2. migration
3. mutation
4. natural selection
5. genetic drift
6. founder effect
7. non random mating
124
who suggested that humans are most closely related to apes in Africa
Darwin
125
what does monogenism mean
single creation from a common origin
126
what does polygenism mean
multiple origins of different races
127
