Module 2 & 3 Flashcards
Key Concepts in Risk Management (36 cards)
ISO 31000 principles
- Framework and process should be customised and proprionate
- Appropriate and timely stakeholder involvement
3.Strucutred and comprehensive approach is required - RM is INTEGRAL part of all orgs activities
- Risk management anticipates, detects and responds to changes
- RM considers all limitations of available information
- Human and cultural factors influence all aspects of RM
- RM is contuously improved through learning and experience
COSO (2017) Principles
- Governance and culture
Exercises board oversight
Establishes operating structures
Defines desired culture
Demonstrates comitment to core values
Attracts develops and retains capable individuals - Strategy and objecive setting
Analyses business context
Defines risk appetite
Evaluates alternative strategies
Formulates business objectives - Performance
Identifies risk
Assess Severity of risks
Prioritises risks
Responds to risk
Implements risk responses
Develops portfolio view - Review and revision
Asseses substaintial change
Reviews risk and performance
Pursues improvement in ERM - information, communication and reporting
Leverages information systems
Communicates risk
Report on risk culture and performance
COSO (2017 double helix) Principles which apply to the simple RM process
- Define context and objectives -
- Analyses business context
- Evaluates alternative strategies
- Formulates business objectives
(all part of strategy and objective setting) - Assess risk
- Identifies risk
- Assesses the severity of risk
- Prioritises risk
- Manage risks
- Implement risk responses
- Monitor, review, report
- Assess substantial change
- reviews risk and performance
- communicated risk information
- reports on risk culture and performance
Orange book principles (2023)
A. Governance and leadershp
B. Integration
C. Collaberation and best information
D. RM process
E. Continuous improvement
Main principles should help each government org how to operate in accordance with the UK corp governance code
Attributes of effectived RM (PACED)
PROPORTIONATE - Strucutred
ALLIGNED - Integrated
COMPREHENSIVE - Consistency, context
Embedded - culture attitude maturity
Dynamic - risk information, process does not finish with risk register
Proportionate
Structured approach customer and tailored to suit the org and activity being undertaken. Consistency in overall process and language used for commons understanding of risk management process, risks, controls and actions to manage them
Alligned
the process is INTEGRATED with others org activities so business can continue as usual with ERM as a touchpoint into those activities and an escalation to allow effective management of risks and reporting
Comprehensive
process encourages CONSISTENCY in the risk management process, and consideration of risks and controls across the organisation and outside of it. This allows effective oversight and understanding of the overall risk profile and improves the understanding of the existing, new and emerging risks from both the internal and external context of the organisation ,so considering what is going on the in the world around them
Embedded – the ERM framework and process encourages a change in risk attitudes, behaviour and culture, to help progress the risk management maturity and awareness of its value to the organisation
Dynamic – the process does not finish with the completion of the risk register. Although it is important to collate the risk information, this is only ‘risk register writing’, it is not risk management. The energy needs to keep flowing through the process, and effort needs to be invested in how to keep the process alive for the organisation so that it can continue to support decision making and add value.
Risk management framework AKA RASP
Risk artictecture (comittee structure, budget, roles and responisbilities, reporting requirements)
described as the rm organisation and arrangement of the org
STRUCTURE of the RM process alligned to the structure of the org
components
comitteee structure and TOR
roles and responsibilities
internal reporting requirements
external reporting controls
risk management assurance arrangements
budget and agreement on resources
Risk strategy
Risk protocols
Agency theory
The Corporate Finance Institute defines ‘Agency Theory’ as “the concept used to explain the important relationships between principals and their relative agent. In the most basic sense, the principal is someone who heavily relies on an agent to execute specific financial decisions and transactions that can result in fluctuating outcomes”.
Orgsanisation/governance strucutre
Centralised - corperate structure with the strategy and operations directed by a head office or other CENTRAL team
Decentralised - management responsibility is delegated to unit or divisional manager with little direction from the centre
Hybrid - discretion in the design and operation of the subsidiary entities is allowed in certain areas but others (brand management, H&S, banking) the corperate apporach must be adopted
Risk management reponsibilities - CEO/Board/execs
Determine STRATEGIC APPROACH to risk
establish STRUCTURE for RM
understand most SIGNIFICANT risks
Consider implications of poor decisions
Manage organisation in crisis
The location manager - heads of department / middle manager
BUILD risk aware CULTURE within the location
agree RM targets for the location
EVALUATE reports from employees on RM
ensure implementation of risk improvement
identify and report changed circumstances/risks
individual employees
understand, accept and implement RM processes
report inefficient, unnecessary or unworkable controls
report loss events and near miss incidents
co-operate with management on incident investigations
ensure visitors and contractors comply with procedures
2nd line of defence -role of the risk manager
Develop the risk management policy and keep up to date
faciliate a risk aware culture within the organisation
establish internal risk policies and structures
cooridnate risk management activties
compile risk information and prepare reports for the board
Specialist risk management functions e.g H&S or specialist support (2nd line of defence)
assist company in establishing specialist risk policies e.g Business contuinity, h&s
develop specialist contingency or recovery plans
keep up to date with information in specialist area
support investigations of incidents and near misses
prepare detailed reports on specialist areas
internal audit manager (3rd line of defence) QSA?
develop a risk based internal audit programme
audit the risk processes across the programme
provide assurance on the management of risk
support and help develop the risk management processes
report on the efficiency and effectiveness of internal controls
Orange book principles
A. RM should be essential part of GOVERNANCE AND LEADERSHIP and fundamental to how the org is directed , managed and controlled at all levels
B. RM shall be an INTEGRAL part of all org activties to support decision making
C. Rm shall be collaberative and informed by BEST AVAILABE INFO and exppertise
D Risk management processes shall be structured to include
a Risk ID andd assessment
b the selection design and implementation of risk treatment options
c the deisgn and operation of integrated insightful and informative risk monitoring
d timely and accurate useful risk reporting
E. RM shall be contuinally improved through learning and experience
Risk management strategy
risk management philosophy
arrangements for embedding RM
risk attitude and appetite
benchmarks tests for significance
specific statement / policies
risk assessment techniques
risk priorities
risk management policy
includes risk strategy
outlines philosophy of RM for the org states who should be responsible for it and comitts to provide the resources nessessary to manage risk to an acceptable level
policy typically approved and owned by the board or a risk comittee of the board
risk appetite
The amount of risk an org is willing to seek or accept in the pursuit of long term objectives
the ACCEPTABLE level for the risk where no further action is required other than monitoring and reviewing for changes in the context, risk and controls
Risk tolerance
the level of risk that you can accept for a short period of time which you will be actively managing to bring to an acceptable level
Risk capacity
the level of risk that is unacceptable. this is the tipping point that the org cannot or does not wish to go over
risk protocols
the means by which the risk strategy and architecture are delivered in practice
collated together into a manual, standard, procedure, tools, templates - documents
Included in risk protocols
techniques used in risk id
the format and content of the orgs risk register
requirements on enterisng risk events into the issues and event logs
reporting requirements against KPI’s
approval processes for expenditure on risk improvement actions
templates
PESTLE
understanding context
identifying risk
Coso 2004 RM process
internal enviornment
objective setting
event ID
risk assessment ~(instead of analysis and evaluation in ISO31000)
risk response
control activities
information and communication
monitoring