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MBIO345 MB > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Cellular Morphology

A

size, shape, arrangement

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2
Q

um (micrometer)

A

1/1 000 000 meter

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3
Q

Average Cell Sizes

A

Average Cocci 1um X 1um

Average Rod 0.5umX3um

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4
Q

Cocci

A 
Mostly round (some oval)
Can be seen in Chains, "grape like" clusters, pairs/diplococci, Tetrads (4), Sarcinae (8)
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5
Q

Rod

A

Can be seen as palisades (bacterial lay in sheets), acute angles, chaining

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6
Q

Coccobacilli

A

Short, oval coccoid rods

If bacterium is longer than it is wide, call it a rod!

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7
Q

Spirilla

A

slightly curved to a tight corkscrew

*don’t chain

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8
Q

Involution Forms

A

Dead, degenerating or dying bacteria

Result of poor growth conditions, antibiotic treatment

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9
Q

Bacterial Colony

A

Group of bacteria that divide and grow together to form visible entity on agar plates.

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10
Q

Colonial Morphology

A

Macroscopic appearance of bacterial colonies on agar plates

Color, consistency, hemolysis, size, colony edge appearance

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11
Q

Beta Hemolysis

A

Toxin in bacteria causes a clearing of RBC in agar plate surrounding the colonies on a plate

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12
Q

Flagella

A

Long appendages that enable the cell to move
*No flagella on cocci, rods only
Cannot be seen under light microscope unless stained
Can be seen with electron microscope

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13
Q

Atrichous

A

No flagella (trichous=hair)

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14
Q

Monotrichous

A

one flagella

Directional, rapid darting

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15
Q

Lophotrichous

A

tuft (up to 6 flagella)

Directional, rapid darting

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16
Q

Amphitrichous

A

Flagella on both ends

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17
Q

Peritrichous

A

Flagella around the cell

Cell is pushed in all directions, giving slow, non-directional movement, spinning, tumbling motion

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18
Q

Slide Motility

A

look at a liquid culture microscopically and see if bacteria move
nutrient broth, phosphate buffer
pH6.8 to 7.0
Incubated at RT overnight

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19
Q

Brownian Movement

A

Caused by molecular bombardment by saline molecules against the bacteria
Bacteria appear to vibrate/jiggle

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20
Q

Drifting or Streaming Movement

A

Everything moves in direction with the flow of the liquid

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21
Q

Advantages to Slide Motility

A

rapid results once the bacterial have grown in broth

may be able to tell flagella arrangement based on type of movement

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22
Q

Disadvantages to Slide Motility

A

Tedious and slow for large amounts of tests

Bacteria may not show motility if culture has gone past log phase

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23
Q

Motility Media - Plate Method

A

Outdated, spot of inoculum placed at edge of plate. Incubated and read for spreading growth across plate

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24
Q

Motility Media - Tube Method

A

Most common method, inoculated with straight wire halfway down tube. Incubated and read for growth.

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25
Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride (TTC)
May be added to motility medium. TTC changes colour from colourless to red when reduced by bacteria
26
Advantages to Media Method
Fast and easy | Tubes may be incubated for several days and temperature may be varied
27
Disadvantages to Media Method
Obligate anaerobes that require oxygen for growth do no grow very well below the surface of the medium
28
Capsules
Glycocalyx - a polymer composed of polysaccharide (or polypeptide or combo of both) organized and firmly attached to the cell wall Appear mucoid and slimy in colonies Initial culture will have more capsules than subsequent in vitro cultures Capsule does not pick up stain (remains a colourless "halo" around cell)
29
Slime Layer
Unorganized "capsule"
30
Function of Capsules
Interfere with phagocytosis More virulent than non-capsulated bacteria Provide protective layer for bacteria Allows bacteria to attach to surfaces
31
Capsular Swelling/ Quellung Reaction
When capsules are too small to be seen with light microscope, anti capsular antibody attaches to surface, making the capsule seem larger.
32
Cell wall composition
Peptidoglycan composed of 2 alternating sugars (N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic Acid (NAM)) to form rows of carbohydrate "backbone" Tetrapeptide side chain composed of 4 amino acids attaches to NAM Peptide cross bridge of 1-5 amino acids that bond tetrapeptide side chains
33
Gram Positive Cell Wall
Thick layer of peptidoglycan teichoic acids present total thickness 30-60nm
34
Gram Negative Cell Wall
Thin layer of peptidoglycan no teichoic acids outer phosopholipid membrane (toxic to many mammalian cells) total thickness 10nm
35
Cell wall damage
Antibiotics can break the peptidoglycan of the cell wall | Gram Positive more susceptible to damage
36
Lysozyme
found in many body fluids, can break bonds between sugars in peptidoglycan
37
Protoplast
Gram positive cell that has lost the cell wall | Bacterial cell only surrounded by membrane now
38
Spheroplast
Gram negative cell with a lysed cell wall, but some outer membrane is still attached
39
Hypotonic Solution
Water moves into cell causing rupture or lysis | Lower concentration of water in the cell than the surrounding solution
40
Hypertonic Solution
Water leaves the cell causing shrinkage and collapse | Higher concentration of water in the cell than in surround solution
41
Isotonic Solution
0.85% Saline (NaCl) has the same concentration of salt/water in the cell, no water moves in or out of the cell
42
Gram Stain
Hans Christian Gram in 1884 Gram pos = Purple Bluish/black Gram neg = Red/Pink
43
Slide Prep - Broth
Transfer broth onto slide using swab, loop or pasteur pipet
44
Slide Prep - Colony
Small portion of colony picked up with wire or wooden stick and mixed with a drop of saline on the slide
45
Direct Smear
Prepared directly from the patients specimen | Often used for preliminary diagnosis
46
If slide is too thick
cellular detail is not clear and bacteria could be missed
47
If slide is too thin
slide will not represent the cells and bacteria in the sample and they may be missed
48
Fixation
Heat: waved over flame or placed on warm plate for drying Alcohol: flood completely dried slide with methanol for 1 min, then air dry again before staining (Best keeps their true morphology)
49
Fixation accomplishes:
Sticks bacteria to the slide kills most bacteria (But not spores) Makes cells more permeable to stain Prevents autolysis or changes in cells
50
Underfixation
everything may wash off | remaining cells may be floating and poorly stained
51
Overfixation
Poorly stained cells, usually pale | Shapes may be altered
52
CIAS Staining Procedure
``` C) crystal violet for 1 min rinse with water All cells now deep purple I) Iodine for 1 min rinse with water All cells now purple/bluish/black A) decolourize with Acetone-alcohol until no more blue colour comes off slide Color differentiation takes place S) Safranin for 1 min rinse with water ```
53
Gram Positive Cell Colour
purple to bluish/black
54
Gram Negative Cell Colour
pink to red
55
Over Decolourization
Gram Pos appear Gram Neg | gram neg cells are not altered
56
Under Decolourization
Gram Neg appear Gram Pos Background and other cells appear Gram Pos Gram positive cells not altered
57
KOH Test
Place drop of Potassium Hydroxide on a slide Stir colony with straight wire Gram Neg organisms form a thread as wire is pulled away
58
Antibiotic Susceptibility
If organism in question is inhibited by Gram Pos Spectrum, the organisms is gram positive.
59
Factors resulting in disruption of cell wall (4)
Lysozome removes cell wall Rough handing in preparation of slide Old cells that are no longer in log phase Antimicrobials inhibit cell wall formation
60
Chromosome
DS DNA | 1000-5000 genes per cell
61
Plasmids
Carry genetic info like chromosomes | 5-100 genes per cell
62
How plasmids aid in survival of bacterial cells (5)
Resistance to antibiotics Transfer or resistance factors to other bacterial cells Allows bacteria to decompose complex organic compounds Production of toxin harmful to host cells Allow bacteria to mate and exchange genetic info
63
Fimbriae
Not Flagella hair like structures on Gram pos and Gram new cells Allow bacteria to adhere to surfaces
64
Pili
"sex pili" 1-2 per cell Form connection between 2 cells when DNA is moving between them
65
Cytoplasmic Membrane
located just below cell wall, surround cytoplasm Phospholipid bilayer with proteins Selective barrier regulating what enters and leaves the cell
66
Diffusion
passive movement from area of high to low concentration
67
Osmosis
Passive movement of water
68
Facilitated Diffusion
Passive movement from area of low to high concentrations using carrier enzymes
69
Permeases
Carrier enzymes that assist in facilitated diffusion
70
Active Transport
Requires energy to transport materials from low to high concentration
71
Endospores
Gram pos Rods only** best seen in Death Phase Spores are resistant to stain (appear refractile) Heat resistant, disinfectant resistant, can survive in unfavourable conditions
72
Sporulation
Formation of spores (takes up to 10 hours) Copy of chromosome, some cytoplasm, and layers of peptidoglycan create spore (then surrounded by severall layers of spore coat)
73
Ribosomes
Free granules, no endoplasmic reticulum 50S and 30S subunits join together to form 70S ribosomes Function: protein synthesis
74
Inclusions
Reserve deposits
75
Volutin/Metachromatic granules (inclusion)
phosphate storage for ATP
76
Polysaccharide granules (inclusion)
Glycogen and starch, food storage
77
Lipid inclusion
Found in few bacteria
78
Sulfur granules (inclusion)
energy reserve found in "sulfur bacteria"

MBIO345 MB (13 decks)

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