Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

HADM 208 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

(55 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Pathogens

A

Disease causing organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pathogenesis

A

The development of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Infective disease

A

A pathogen capable of entering, multiplying, and surviving in a susceptible host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Virulence

A

The severity of the disease; extent of pathogenicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Invasiveness

A

The ability of a pathogen to enter and grow in a susceptible host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Communicability

A

Ability to be spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Etiology

A

The study of the causes of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Infectious disease

A

Caused by a microbial agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Communicable disease

A

Infectious disease who is agent is transmissible from an infected person, animal, or in inanimate source to a susceptible host

**not all infectious diseases are communicable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Disease categories

A

Acute: severe, short, treatable, recovery or death
Subacute: intermediate in duration and severity, may result in recovery
Chronic: less severe, long duration, may not result in recovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Infectious agents

A 
Viruses 
Bacteria 
Prions 
Metazoa 
Protozoa 
Fungus 
Rickettsia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Examples of environmental factors

A 
Temperature 
Humidity
Altitude
Radiation
Food/drink
Neighborhood
Housing
Pollution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Examples of host factors

A 
Age
Race/ethnicity 
Sex
Genetics
Lifestyle (diet/exercise)
Smoking
Immune status/vaccination
Previous illness
Occupation 
Comorbidities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Examples of bacterial agents

A 
Methicillin Resistant Staph Aureus
Group A Strep
Legionella 
Salmonella 
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
Listeria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Viruses

A 
Infectious agent that requires host for replication
Examples:
Influenza
Hepatitis 
Varicella 
Measles
Mumps
Most vaccine preventable disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fungal diseases (mycoses)

A

Opportunistic, infect immunocompromised patients
Examples:
Candida
Aspergillus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Prions

A

Abnormal infectious proteins
Examples:
-Animals: mad cow, scrapie
-Humans: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, kuru
*Cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)
**Prions are highly resistant to traditional sterilization methods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Host factors

A

The degree and severity of infection depends on the host’s ability to fight the infectious agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Host

A

A person or animal in which an infectious agent lives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Defense mechanisms (of the host)

A

Nonspecific: skin, mucosal surfaces, tears, saliva, gastric juices, the immune system

Disease specific: immunity against an agent

  • Active: immunization or prior infection
  • passive: maternal antibodies, Immunoglobulin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Environment

A

The domain external to the host in which the infectious agent may exist, survive, or originate

  • affects the survival of the agent
  • brings the agent and the host into contact
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The chain of infection

A 
Infectious agent
Reservoir 
Portal of exit
Mode of transmission
Portal of entry
Susceptible host
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Reservoir

Study These Flashcards
A

Where an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies

24
Q

Vector

Study These Flashcards
A

Living nonhuman carrier of disease

Ex: mosquito

25
Fomite
Articles that transmit infection | Ex: doorknob
26
Carrier
A person who spreads an infectious agent - Harbors organism - Not infected
27
Modes of transmission
Direct: contact kissing, sexual activity, in utero, via breastmilk, airborne droplets, droplet nuclei Indirect: - animate: human carrier - animate: insect or animal vector - inanimate: free living organisms and the environment, water, sewage, dust, fomite, etc.
28
Portals of entry
``` Conjunctiva of eye Mouth GI tract Respiratory tract Reproductive tract Urinary tract Cardiovascular system Skin breaks Percutaneous (trauma, injection) Transplacental Organ transplants ```
29
Communicable disease categories
``` Food-borne Arthropod-borne Mycoses Emerging Vaccine preventable Zoonotic Waterborne ```
30
Food-borne diseases
Significant issue for institutional/residential health care settings Ex: E. coli, salmonella, Norovirus, listeria
31
Waterborne diseases
Contaminated water delivery systems have potential for disease transmission Ex: legionella
32
Arthropod-borne diseases
Blood-feeding arthropod (insect) vectors transmit disease agents to vertebrate hosts Vector examples: mosquitoes, tics, flies Disease examples: malaria, encephalitis
33
Zoonotic diseases
Can be spread from vertebrate animals to humans under natural conditions Ex: West Nile virus, avian influenza, rabies HC management implications: - pet therapy - pest exposures - lab exposures
34
Emerging infections
Increasing rapidly in incidence and geographic scope Mechanisms: 1. Existing pathogen gains access to new host populations 2. New pathogen or subtypes 3. Environmental changes may contribute to emergence (ex: travel, climate change)
35
Incubation period
The time interval between exposure to an infectious agent and development of signs and symptoms *Useful for determining the etiologic agent
36
Colonization
Agents multiply on the surface of the body without invoking tissue or immune response
37
Infestation
The presence of a living infectious agent on the bodies exterior surface on which a local reaction may occur
38
Infection
Agents have invaded host defenses invoking tissue and immune response
39
Stages of infection
Incubatory: (sub clinical) before signs and symptoms Prodrome: later part of incubation period was symptoms appear but are nonspecific Acute: signs and symptoms obvious Resolution: symptoms improve Convalescent: signs and symptoms disappear
40
Inapparent infection
No symptoms Can still be transmitted to a susceptible host Clinicians look for serologic evidence of infection ``` Types: Preclinical disease Subclinical disease Latent Persistent (chronic) disease ```
41
Iceberg concept of infection
Active clinical disease accounts for only a small proportion of hosts infections and exposures to disease agents
42
Herd immunity
Resistance of a group of people to the invasion and spread of a particular disease due to the immune status of a large portion of the population
43
Infection control in healthcare facilities
``` Immunization (staff) Sanitation (facility) Personal hygiene Hand washing PPE Food prep and storage ```
44
Hand hygiene
One of the most important ways to prevent the spread of infections
45
Standard precautions
Hand hygiene, PPE, safe injection practices
46
Transmission based precautions
``` Contact Droplet Airborne Syndromic Protective environment ```
47
Outbreak
A sudden start or increase of disease
48
Endemic
Usual prevalence of disease in a geographic area
49
Epidemic
Occurrence of disease in excess of normal expectancy
50
Pandemic
Worldwide epidemic
52
Reproductive number
The average number of new infections caused by one infected individual in a susceptible population
53
Nosocomial infection
Hospital acquired
54
Portals of Exit
Respiratory tract GI tract Genito-urinary tract Percutaneous
55
HC management implications of emerging infections
``` Need to protect HCF patients/staff: -prompt identification/notification -PPE and other equipment needs -isolation/quarantine Need to manage influx of pts w/ novel infection: -surge capacity -staffing needs -diagnostic testing - available treatments/therapies ```
56
How to prevent disease
``` Destroy agent (pasteurization, chlorination etc.) Break cycle of transmission -eliminate means of transmission -reduce direct contact Increase immunization/resistance Reduce risk factors Isolate infectious cases ```

HADM 208 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions