Module 2 Flashcards
(53 cards)
Determinants
An event bringing a change in health
E.G.
- water
- shelter
- sanitation
- income
- employment
- education
- housing
- neighbourhood
- societal characteristics (racism, violence etc)
Socio-Economic Position
Sociology and economic factors influencing that influence what position individuals or group hold within the structure of society
- socio economic background
Measuring income
Personal income
Household income
Measure of education
Continuous variable
Categorical variable
Captures transition from parents SEP to personal SEP
Measuring occupation
Jobs are grouped by potential income or SEP
NZ Socioeconomic Index of Occupational Status
Reflects social standing
NEET
Not in Education, Employment, or Training
- considers the ideal pathways for school leavers at different levels of achievement
- status of groups
Inequalities
Measurable differences/variations in health due to SEP, area, age, gender, disability, ethnic group
Social gradient
Inequities
Unfair and stemming from injustice
Health inequities are difference in distribution of resources across populations which do not reflect health needs
Social Mobility
Movement of individuals/families/groups within social strata
Intra-generational mobility is movement in an individuals lifetime
Inter-generational mobility is a change in SEP from parent to child
Lorenz Curve
Curve showing cumulative share of wealth against cumulative share of population
More concave means more inequality
Gini Coefficient
Ratio of area between perfect equality and observed Lorenz Curve
:
To the area between the line of perfect equality and the line of perfect inequality
A/(A+B)
0=unequal
1=equal
Implications of income inequalities
- less social cohesion
- less trust between groups
- reduced economic productivity
- poorer health incomes
Cumulative health event
Eg poverty trap - start in poverty and continue
Multiplicative health event
Eg Cardio Vascular Disease risk factors - range of factors that can contribute
Programming/Genetic Health event
Eg Barker Hypothesis - critical periods in development leading to something in later life
Downstream Intervention
Operates at the micro level, including treatment systems/disease management- how to fix what already happened
Upstream Intervention
Operates at the macro level, such as government policies and international trade agreements - prevention of what could happen
Dahlgren and Whitehead Model
Level one
The person:
Age, sex, constitutional factors and individual lifestyle factors
Dahlgren and Whitehead Model
Level two
The community
Social and community networks and living and working conditions
- Work environment
- Unemployment
- Education
- Agriculture and food production
- Water and sanitation
- Health care services
- Housing
Family and friends play a role in development of normative behaviour
Dahlgren and Whitehead Model
Level three
General socioeconomic, cultural and environmental conditions
- Physical environment: water quality, clean air
- Built environment: design of communities, buildings, roads, rail
- Cultural environment: knowledge, beliefs, values
- Biological environment: emerging or re-emerging toxins affecting populations
- Ecosystem: biodiversity, climate change, ecological footprint
- Political environment: approaches to improving population health
Agency
The capacity of an individual to act independently
Structure
Social/physical environmental conditions/patterns (social determinants) that influence choices and opportunities available
Compositional
Individual characteristics of people living in an area dictate health status
“Who lives here?”
Contextual
The social, economic, and physical characteristics of the area
“What is this place like?”
