Module 2

Question 1

What focuses on the anatomical, chemical, and physiological underpinning of behavior?

Answer 1

Behavioral neuroscience et al. (interchangeable names)

Question 2

Behavioral neuroscience allows for an integration of information about ____ ____ and the ____ or an organism.

Answer 2

biological processes

behavior

Question 3

Behavioral neuroscience gives a more complex view of the ____ and ____ of ____ .

Answer 3

why
how
behavior

Question 4

Who is the foundation of behavioral neuroscience attributed to?

Answer 4

Donald Hebb

Question 5

What did Hebb say about cells?

Answer 5

Cells that fire together, wire together.

Question 6

Behavior neuroscience determines how the brain’s ____ parts produce a coherent ____ (a ____ explanation).

Answer 6

components
whole
physiological

Question 7

Behavioral neuroscience also incorporates explanations of behavior from ____ , ____ ,and ____ perspectives

Answer 7

ontogenetic
evolutionary
functional

Question 8

The more you get neurons in your brain firing off ____ to each other, the more the ____ will be strengthened, and the easier it will be for you to recall the ____ when necessary.

Answer 8

information
memory
information

Question 9

The neuronal elements of the nervous system are ____ , ____ , ____ ____ , ____ ____ , and ____ ____. Each of these components has a structure which denotes its ultimate function.

Answer 9

neurons
glia
ependimal cells
blood vessels
choroids epithelium

Question 10

What is morphology?

Answer 10

Structure and content, the study of the forms of things, the branch of biology that deals with the form of living organisms, and with relationships between their structures.

Question 11

The neuron consists of a ____ ____ , ____ ( ____ and ____ ), and a ____ ____ .

Answer 11

cell body
processes (dendrite and axon)
terminal button

Question 12

The neuron is a specialized cell that is more ____ than most other cells in the body making them primed for one of their functions: communicating ____ ____ in one direction.

Answer 12

polarized

electrical impulses

Question 13

Neurons can be categorized by their ____ , ____ , ____ ____ , or ____ .

Answer 13

shape
function
chemical properties
size

Question 14

Three different morphologies are ____ , ____ , and ____ . The ____ of the component dictates its function.

Answer 14

uni-polar
bi-polar
multi-polar
Shape

Question 15

The glial components of the nervous system are categorized into two different types:

Answer 15

microglia

macroglia

Question 16

Macroglia are ____ and ____ cells.

Answer 16

oligodendrocytes and schwann cells

Question 17

The oligodendroctyes are found in the ____ , are ____ than neurons and contain a large number of ____ ____ . They ____ the myelin sheath.

Answer 17

CNS
smaller
fibrous processes
synthesize

Question 18

The myelin sheath is an insulation blanket which increases the efficiency of ____ ____ .

Answer 18

neuronal communication

Question 19

A single oligodendrocytes can provide ____ to a number of different axons.

Answer 19

myelin

Question 20

The CNS myelin consists of layers of ____ ____ without ____ .

Answer 20

cell membrane

cytoplasm

Question 21

Schwann cells are found in the ____, are ____ than the neuron, do not have ____ ____ . They ____ the myelin sheath in the ____ .

Answer 21

PNS
smaller
fibrous processes
synthesize
PNS

Question 22

A single schwann cell wraps around a single ____ ____ .

Answer 22

axonal segment

Question 23

The schwan cell membrane has ____ within it.

Answer 23

cytoplasm

Question 24

The function of the nervous system component can be derived from its ____ .

Answer 24

morphology

Question 25

What in a myelinated axon is exceptionally fast and efficient?

Answer 25

propagation of the action potential

Question 26

Myelinated axons have membrane wrappings ( ____ ____ or ____ ) and booster sites ( ____ of ____ ) which allow for faster conduction of the ____ ____ .

Answer 26

schwann cells or oligodendrocytes nodes of ranvier electrical signals

Question 27

The Nodes of Ranvier are ____ sites due to exceptionally high concentration of ____ + channels.

Answer 27

booster | Na+

Question 28

Because it is the rapid ____ of ____ ions that triggers the ____ ____ , as it ____ the local cell membrane enough to reach the ____ of excitation. Thus, an ____ is generated at each ____ , propagated along the ____ ____ (beneath the myelin sheath) until it reaches the next ____ . The ____ + channels open and Na+ ions flood in, causing another ____ . The generation of an ____ ____ at each node results in the ____ of the next node.

Answer 28

``` influx Na+ action potential depolarizes threshold impulse node cell membrane node Na+ impulse action potential depolarization ```

Question 29

What is the jumping of the signal from node to node?

Answer 29

Saltatory conduction

Question 30

The saltatory conduction is an extremely efficient mode of ____ ____ . It allows for axons to be of smaller ____ , more ____ efficient, and ____ .

Answer 30

signal propagation diameter energy faster

Question 31

How does the neuron switch from electrical propagation of a message (action potential) to a chemical message delivery system (neurotransmitter)? The axon contains ____ filled with ____ and ____. These vesicles are formed in the ____ on the ____ ____ and are transported along the length of the ____ along ____ . The vesicles, along with many other organelles, catch a ride on motor ____ called ____ . Those ____ carry the vesicles "piggy back" style as they climb down the ____ at a rate of ____ centimeters per day until they reach the ____ ____ .

Answer 31

``` vesicles neurotransmitters neuropeptides soma Golgi Apparatus axon microtubules proteins kinesins Kinesins microtubule 40 terminal button ```

Question 32

When the action potential reaches the terminal button, the ____ are released. This occurs when the ____ of the ____ ____ (remember that the action potential depolarizes the membrane) initiates an opening of ____ -dependent Ca2+ ____ ____ . When they open, Ca2+ pores into the cell due to both the ____ ____ and ____ . The Ca2+ then initiates the ____ of the ____ to the ____ ____ ____ .

Answer 32

``` vesicles depolarization cell membrane voltage ion channels electrostatic pressure diffusion fusion vesicles presynaptic cell membrane ```

Question 33

Where are Ca2+ more concentrated?

Answer 33

outside the cell membrane

Question 34

The ____ fuse with the ____ ____ and produce a ____ ____ . It is through this ____ that the contents of the ____ are released into the ____ cleft. As the ____ opens, it forms an ____ ____ .

Answer 34

``` vesicles cell membrane fusion pore pore vesicle synaptic vesicle omega fissure ```

Question 35

What does a fused and open vesicle literally look like?

Answer 35

The Greek letter omega

Question 36

The circular part of the vesicle and the two feet are the ____ ____ ____ .

Answer 36

presynaptic cell membrane

Question 37

Think of a whitehead pore. The ____ ____ ____ is the skin, the ____ is a pore, the ____ is the pus.

Answer 37

presynaptic cell membrane vesicle neurotransmitter