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Yr 11 Biology > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Level of organisation in organisms

A

Organelles  cells  tissues  organs  systems  organisms

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2
Q

Unicellular organisms

A
  • Contain only one cell responsible for all life processes
  • Simple structure
  • Limits metabolic reactions
  • Large surface area for all substances to diffuse across
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3
Q

Colonial organism

A
  • Cells that form a cooperative group (colony) but can survive on their own
  • Could be classed as a single celled organism
  • More efficient as a colony
  • EXAMPLE: Blue-bottle
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4
Q

Multicellular organism

A
  • Made up of different types of cells
  • Similar cells grouped together that communicate to perform specialised functions that combine together for efficient functioning
  • Rely less on diffusion and are less efficient
  • All cells have the same DNA
  • Could not survive by themselves
  • EXAMPLE: Animals and Plants
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5
Q

Cell differentiation

A

less specialised cell changes to become a specialised to carry out specific functions. This makes them more efficient.

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6
Q

Cell specialisation

A

specific function which a cell has, determined by their physiology and cellular structures. They develop suitable structural features which allow them to carry out their functions and this makes them structurally different from other types of cells.

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7
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

long and have striation which are caused by the arrangement of the actin and myosin in them. They are attached to the bones and they cause movement.

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8
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

fibres are present in the heart and also have striations, the individual cells have connection junctions that are necessary or the coordinated beating of the heart.

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9
Q

Smooth muscle

A

do not have striation and their contractions push substances through specialised organs such as the gastrointestinal tract, the blood vessels and the urethra which leads from the bladder.

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10
Q

Fish respiration

A
  • Water enters the fish
  • Water is pumped through gills
  • Oxygen diffuses in and out of capillaries
  • Water exits the fish
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11
Q

Insect respiration

A
  • Use trachea for gas exchange
  • Instead of lungs, insects breathe with a network of tiny tubes called tracheae. Air enters the tubes spiracles and the air then diffuses down the tracheae
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12
Q

Reptile respiration

A
  • Gas exchange in alveoli
  • When its mouth is full of air, the reptile will push the air down into the lungs.
  • The nostrils are then closed and the floor of mouth is raised, forcing the air into the lungs for gas exchange.
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13
Q

4 plant organs

A

roots, leaves, stem, flower

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14
Q

Function of nasal cavity

A

the sticky mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity traps dust particles, and tiny hairs called cilia help move them to the nose to be sneezed or blown out.

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15
Q

Function of nose

A

air is inhaled into the body through the nose

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16
Q

Function of pharynx

A

enables you to swallow and is a pathway for food

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17
Q

Function of tongue

A

vital for chewing and swallowing food

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18
Q

Function of larynx

A

voicebox which helps you speak

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19
Q

function of trachea

A

windpipe which provides air to and from the lungs

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20
Q

function of lungs

A

conducts gas exchange for respiration

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21
Q

function of bronchi

A

shuttle air to and from the lungs – highways for gas exchange.

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22
Q

function of bronchioles

A

ensure that incoming air is supplied to the alveoli

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23
Q

function of alveoli

A

exchange oxygen to carbon dioxide in the bloodstream

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24
Q

What is the diaphragm

A

thoracic muscle that lays beneath the lungs and aids in inhalation/exhalation

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25
Q

function of nervous system

A

To coordinate bodily function by passing electrochemical signals, to detect and respond to external stimuli

26
Q

Organs in nervous system

A

Brain, sensory organs (eyes, ears, tongue, skin), nerves

27
Q

Function of digestive system

A

To breakdown and absorb food

28
Q

organs in digestive system

A

Stomach, intestines, mouth, liver

29
Q

Excretory system function

A

To rid the body of metabolic wastes

30
Q

Excretory system organs

A

Kidney, bladder, urethra, ureters

31
Q

Cellular respiration in plants

A

Break down sugar and turn it into energy - mitochondria

32
Q

Photosynthesis in plants

A

Harness energy from sunlight and turn it into chemical energy - chloroplast

33
Q

What is the stomata

A 
•	Tiny pores that cover epidermis 
•	Gas enters and leaves
•	Each has a pair of guard cells 
-	Open and close throughout day
-	Have chloroplast
-	Reduce water loss
34
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Organisms that feed on others because they cannot provide their own energy supply

35
Q

Autotrophs

A

Organisms that can make their own energy and do not depend on others.

36
Q

5 steps of nutrition in heterotrophs

A
  1. Ingestion – intake of food (eating)
  2. Digestion – breakdown of food into soluble molecules that can be easily absorbed
  3. Absorption – basic units of food absorbed into the bloodstream
  4. Assimilation – turning the ‘food’ into tissue
  5. Egestion – elimination of wastes
37
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

(Physical) – chewing, churning, moving

Involves physically breaking the food into smaller pieces.

38
Q

Chemical digestion

A

(Enzymes) - Break down large complex molecules into simpler molecules

39
Q

Xylem Structure

A

Lignin provides strength to stop the vessels from collapsing.
Tracheids transport water and are elongated with end walls that taper to a point and also impregnated with lignin
Fibres are also elongated and lignified, providing support to the xylem tissue.

40
Q

Phloem Structure

A

Phloem – sugar transport tissue in plants
Sieve tub elements – living cells without cytoplasm and mitochondria but without other organelles
Sieve plates – the perforated transverse walls of the sieve elements which allow sap to flow from one element to the next
Companion cells – associated with each sieve element and they are responsible for keeping them alive

41
Q

Cohesion/ Adhesion

A

The ability of water molecules to stick to other water molecules due to high intermolecular forces

42
Q

Transpiration

A

Loss of water from plants by evaporation of water vapour through the stoma of plant leaves.

43
Q

Negative pressure

A

When an area of lower pressure than the other surrounding it. Creates a ‘pulling’ force

44
Q

Translocation

A

Source – Place that produces or stores sugar (leaves and roots)
Sink – Place in need of sugar

45
Q

Function of waxy cuticle in plants

A

A thin protective outer covering. Protects against water loss.

46
Q

Function of Upper/Lower epidermis in plants

A

Aid structural support and allow light to pass through.

47
Q

Function of Palisade mesophyll

A

Primary site for photosynthesis.

48
Q

Function of Spongy mesophyll

A

Allow gases to diffuse through  secondary site for photosynthesis.

49
Q

Function of Vascular tissue: Xylem cells

A

Transport water + nutrients upwards from the roots to the rest of the plant.

50
Q

Function of Vascular tissue: Phloem cells

A

Conduct food from leaves to rest of the plant

51
Q

Function of Guard cells

A

Cells close the stomata in response to environmental conditions.

52
Q

Function of Stomata

A

Allow gases to enter and exit. Holes allow loss of water vapour

53
Q

Function of RBC

A

Transport oxygen, carbon dioxide and haemoglobin

54
Q

Function of WBC

A

Transports antibody into the plasma to fight pathogens

55
Q

Function of platelets

A

Clumps blood to control bleeding

56
Q

Function of plasma

A

Carries nutrients (glucose, amino acids, proteins, ion, waste products and small amounts of carbon dioxide

57
Q

Function of veins

A

Veins return blood to the heart and have thinner walls than those of the arteries.

58
Q

function of arteries

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart with a strong structure that is able to withstand the high pressure in which the blood is moving

59
Q

Function of capillaries

A

Transfer oxygen and nutrients through blood.

60
Q

Open circulation

A
  • Fluid is not combined to vessels
  • Circulation is slow
  • Transports nutrients not oxygen
  • Found in arthropods e.g. insects and mollusc
61
Q

Closed circulation

A
  • Blood moves through the body enclosed in a network of tubes of different sizes that lead to and away from the heart
  • Blood circulation is rapid
  • Nutrients, wastes and gases are carried by blood
  • Found in larger, active animals e.g. mammals, amphibians, birds and fish

Yr 11 Biology (4 decks)

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