Module 2 - Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

Question

Where is the thymus located

Answer 1

posterior to the sternum

Answer 2

B-cells: Type of lymphocyte that can recognize antigens and *responds by turning into plasma cells* T-cells: Type of lymphocyte that can recognize antigens and *attaches to them to attack the invading cells directly*

Answer 3

occurs when a person has an infectious disease and then develops antibodies against the pathogen that caused the disease.

Answer 4

result of administering a vaccination. The antibodies are activated by the vaccine and develop memory to recognize the pathogen in the future.

Answer 5

short-lasting immunity transferred through the placenta and breast milk.

Answer 6

created by giving an exposed person antibodies containing blood products, as in an immune globulin.

Answer 7

1. epicardium (outermost layer), 2. myocardium (middle layer, thickest) 3. endocardium (inner layer)

Answer 8

receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava

Answer 9

receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins

Answer 10

* Receives blood from the right atrium * sends deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary valve. * Then goes to the pulmonary artery and then to the lungs

Answer 11

* receives blood from the left atrium * sends the oxygenated blood through the aortic valve to the aorta, and arteries that carry the blood to the body.

Answer 12

responsible for removing waste from the blood and producing urine

Answer 13

tubes are responsible for carrying urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

Answer 14

stores urine

Answer 15

carrying urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

Answer 16

* duodenum * jejunum * ileum

Answer 17

* colon * completes absorption and forms feces from solid waste products.

Answer 18

Inhalation - chest expands, diaphragm contracts Exhalation - chest contracts, diaphragm relaxes

Answer 19

* Exocrine glands release hormones into a duct for delivery to the target cells. * Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the blood stream

Answer 20

1. SA node generates an electrical impulse 2. To the AV node and then the ventricular septum until it reaches the Purkinje fibers 5. Ventricles contract and pump blood into pulmonary artery and aorta

Answer 21

nervous and endocrine

Answer 22

* S: swollen, red, and hot to the touch skin * E: Bacteria (typically Streptococcus or Staphylococcus) enters the skin through cuts or abrasions and causes infection of connective tissue with severe inflammation of the skin. * D: Physical exam, Wound culture and blood tests * T: Resting the area, cutting away dead tissue prn, antibiotics

Answer 23

* S: Red, itchy skin and Vesicular lesions/blisters (sometimes) * E: caused by hereditary and environmental factors * D: physical exam * T: fragrance-free soap and moisturizers, steroid creams, and antihistamines

Answer 24

* S: Waxy bump or skin sore that does not heal within two months and continues to grow over time * E: Damage to DNA of basal cells caused by UVB exposure * D: Physical examination and biopsy. Early diagnosis is vital. * F: Surgical excision. Liquid nitrogen freezing or curettage

Answer 25

* S: irregular shaped with a diameter more than 1/4in * E: Excessive exposure to UVB rays * D: Physical examination and biopsy. Early diagnosis is vital * t: Surgery and radiation

Answer 26

RICE Rest Ice Compression Elevation

Answer 27

S: no sx but can lead to increased fractures and back pain E: malnutrition, inadequate calcium absorption, endocrine disorders, immobilization and lack of exercise, and aging. D: Measuring bone mineral density using a DEXA scan T: Medications can slow bone loss and reduce the risk of fracture.

Answer 28

* S: Pain with movement in a specific joint. Stiffness in joint following periods of inactivity. inflexibility * E: Autoimmune disorder that change connective tissues of the body, mostly joints * Physical examination, blood tests, and imaging * Physical therapy for mobility. Medication for inflammation and pain

Answer 29

* s: Red, hot, swollen joint (mostly big toe) * E: Excessive accumulation of uric acid in a joint, forming needle-like crystals in the joint D: **Aspiration of the joint** to obtain and identify the crystals T: Anti-inflammatory medications and dietary adjustments

Answer 30

* s: Chronic and progressive muscle weakness leading to eventual paralysis of muscle groups * E: Inherited or spontaneous genetic mutation * D: Patient history, physical exam, muscle enzyme tests, electromyography, muscle biopsy, and genetic testing * T: Physical therapy, ambulatory devices, and medications to alleviate symptoms

Answer 31

* S: Muscle weakness, cramps, stiffness, spasms, and tetany * E: Can result from many different disease processes * T: Physical therapy, medication therapy, support bracing, surgery, and massage all may help.

Answer 32

* S: Muscle pain (broad term) * E: Traumatic injury. Viral infection. Overuse or overstretching of muscle group. Medications and vaccines * T: massage, heat or cold therapy, and medication for pain and muscle relaxants

Answer 33

* S: Pain, tingling, numbness, swelling. Redness, loss of flexibility and muscle weakness * E: Repetitive tasks, forceful exertions, vibrations, and mechanical compression * D: Physical examination, patient history, and imaging * T: Early treatment: Anti-inflammatory medications, rest, splinting, and massage, or Surgery (severe case)

Answer 34

* S: Pain and swelling in the lower leg * E: Repeated stress of the tibia and connective tissues * D: Physical examination and patient history * T: RICE or Surgery

Answer 35

* s: Chest pain, transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), peripheral artery disease, and kidney disfunction * e: Hardening of the arteries potentially due to high bp, high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, and other diseases * D: blood tests, doppler ultrasound, EKG, stress test, angiogram, CT or MRI * T: Healthy diet, increased exercise, medications (cholesterol medication, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, blood thinners, diuretics, calcium channel blockers), angioplasty, stents, endarterectomy, or bypass surgery

Answer 36

* S: Fatigue, peripheral edema, shortness of breath * E: heart’s decreased ability to pump adequately due to coronary artery disease, high bp, cardiomyopathy, valvular disease, or heart defects * D: Medical history, physical examination, blood tests, EKG, echocardiogram, and chest x-ray * T: weight loss, controlling bp, ACE inhibitors, and beta blockers

Answer 37

* S: Excessive bleeding, frequent bruising * e: absence of clotting factors in the blood as the result of a genetic defect * D: Family history, physical examination, and blood tests * T: Replacement therapy to slowly infuse clotting factors into a vein

Answer 38

* S: Decreased urine output, fluid retention, fatigue, shortness of breath, confusion, and nausea * e: Direct damage to the kidneys or other causes leading to kidneys no longer filtering blood * D: Observation of urine output, blood tests, urinalysis, and other imaging * T: medications, and hemodialysis

Answer 39

* S: early = no sx. Later stages: High bp, feeling ill and fatigued * e: kidneys cannot adequately filter blood due to many diabetes, high bp and glomerulonephritis * D: blood tests * T: controlling bp and hemodialysis (severe cases)

Answer 40

* S: Severe episodes of back and side pain, pain with urination. Dark or foul-smelling urine, nausea, frequent urination, fever, chills * e: Hard crystalline deposits forming in the urine due to high levels of substances * D: Blood tests, urine tests, and imaging * T: water, pain relievers, and shock wave therapy

Answer 41

* S: Leakage of urine * e: Loss of bladder control * D: Urinalysis, medical history, physical examination * T: Kegel exercises to strengthen muscles that control the bladder or surgery

Answer 42

* S: Pain in the lower, right abdomen, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal swelling, fever * e: Inflammation in the appendix due to blockage of the opening to the appendix * D: Pt history, blood and urine tests, imaging * T: Surgical removal of the appendix

Answer 43

* S: Anemia, diarrhea, gas, bloating, weight loss, fatigue * e: triggered by gluten leading to damage of the small intestine and an inability to absorb nutrients * D: Physical examination, medical history, blood tests, antibody tests, and endoscopy with biopsy * T: Avoid gluten in any form

Answer 44

* S: no sx (early) fatigue, irregular bowel movements, blood in feces, cramps, bloating, and weight loss. * e: Risk factors are a high-fat diet, family history, and inflammatory bowel disease * D: Colonoscopy or barium enema * T: Early stages: Surgical removal of cancer cells Advanced stages: Chemotherapy

Answer 45

* S: when inflammed pain in lower left abdomen, fever, chills, nausea, and vomiting. * e: Pouchlike herniations through the muscular wall of the colon caused by high pressure inside the colon * D: colonoscopy * T: antibiotics

Answer 46

* S: Heartburn, nausea after eating, difficulty swallowing * e: Lower esophageal sphincter muscle disfunction * D: Upper endoscopy (measure acid in esophagus) * T:Lifestyle/dietary changes, antacids or Surgery (severe cases)

Answer 47

* S: Shortness of breath, low blood pressure, and rapid breathing (following an injury) * e: Fluid buildup in the alveoli blocks oxygen from passing into the bloodstream following an acute injury * D: Arterial blood gas analysis, chest x-ray * T: Oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, and antibiotics

Answer 48

* S: Chest tightness, productive cough, wheezing, shortness of breath with activity * e: airflow into and out of the lungs is blocked, usually due to a combination of bronchitis and emphysema. cause by smoking * D: pulmonary function tests, chest x-ray, and CT scan * T: Smoking cessation, medication, and oxygen therapy

Answer 49

* S: Sneezing, coughing, runny nose, watering eyes, pressure in ears * e: Irritation and inflammation of the mucous membrane in the nose, along with excessive production of mucus * D: Physical exam or Allergist * T: Antihistamines and corticosteroids

Answer 50

* S: dull ache or sharp, burning Pain radiating from lumbar spine to the buttocks and down the back of the leg * e: Occurs from compression of the sciatic nerve, typically due to a herniated disc, bone spur, or tumor * D: Medical testing of muscle strength and reflexes and imaging * T: Muscle relaxants, anti-inflammatory medications, physical therapy, corticosteroids

Answer 51

* S: (FAST) Facial muscle weakness, Arm droop, Speech abnormalities, and time * e: Caused by a decrease in blood supply to the brain or a rupture of a blood vessel in the brain * D: Neurologic examination, CT or MRI scan, Doppler ultrasound or arteriography * T: restoring blood to the brain or reducing pressure on the brain

Answer 52

* S: Blisters and pain on the skin in a bandlike pattern that follows the path of the affected nerves * e: Caused by the varicella zoster virus * D: History, location of pain, and pattern of rash * T:Antiviral medications increase rate of healing & pain relievers

Answer 53

* S: Excessive thirst, frequent urination, extreme hunger, weight loss, fatigue, blurred vision, poorly healing wounds, numbness in hands and feet * e: Chronic condition caused by *lack of insulin production. genetic, autoimmune condition* * D: Blood tests to evaluate glucose metabolism * T: Monitoring blood sugar levels, insulin therapy, eating a healthy diet, and managing weight

Answer 54

* S: Excessive thirst, frequent urination, extreme hunger, weight loss, fatigue, blurred vision, poorly healing wounds, numbness in hands and feet * e: Chronic condition caused by *insulin resistance, due to a mix of genetics, obesity, and lifestyle choices* * D:Blood tests to evaluate glucose metabolism * T: Monitoring blood sugar levels, eating a healthy diet, and managing weight. Rx to lower blood sugar, such as metformin

Answer 55

* S: Sudden weight loss, rapid heartbeat, increased appetite, anxiety, tremor, sweating, frequent bowel movements, enlarged thyroid gland * e: Overproduction of the thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland * D: Physical examination, blood tests, radioactive iodine uptake test, and thyroid scans * T: Antithyroid medications, oral radioactive iodine

Answer 56

* S: Increasing tiredness, dry skin, constipation, and weight gain * e: Underproduction of the thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland * D: Blood test measuring thyroid stimulating hormone and thyroxine * T: Use of synthetic thyroid hormone *levothyroxine

Answer 57

* S: Significant enlargement of the thyroid gland, increased heartbeat, muscle weakness, disturbed sleep, tremor, weight loss, anxiety, irritability, and bulging of the eyes * e: Caused by malfunction in the body’s immune system that disrupts normal thyroid regulation, resulting in hyperthyroidism * D: diagnosed by symptoms or Thyroid hormone tests * T: Radioactive iodine therapy, antithyroid medications, beta blockers, and surgery

Answer 58

* S: Pelvic pain with menstruation, pain with intercourse, pain with bowel movements and urination, infertility * e: when pieces of endometrial tissue grow outside of the uterine lining, typically on the ovaries, intestines, or pelvic wall * D: Pelvic examination, ultrasound, and laparoscopy * T: Pain medication, hormone therapy, or laparoscopic surgery

Answer 59

* S: Bulging in the groin area accompanied by an aching sensation, pain with lifting, coughing, or movement, weakness, or pressure in the groin * e: portion of the intestines protrudes thought a weak point of the abdominal wall. * D: physical exam * T: Surgery to repair the hernia if symptoms present

Answer 60

* S: Undescended testicles, when they fail to drop into the normal place of the scrotum * e: sometimes unknown or structural abnormalities * D: felt during physical exam * T: surgery recommended after six months of age

Answer 61

* S: tissues surrounding the testicle are not well attached, causing the testes to twist around the spermatic chord cutting off blood flow to the testicle causing severe pain * e: unknown or born with it * D: physical examination * T: need to see a urologist, and surgery is necessary to correct.

Answer 62

* S: Enlargement of the prostate. uncomfortable urinary symptoms, urinary tract infections, or kidney problems * e: unknown causes (maybe hormonal) * D: Digital rectal examination, urine test, or prostate specific antigen test * T: Transurethral resection of the prostate

Answer 63

Occurs when a disease spreads rapidly to a large number of people.

Answer 64

* psychosocial crisis for infants * tasks for infants are to form an attachment with and develop trust in their primary caregiver and then generalize those bonds to others * results in self-confidence and optimism that caregivers will meet the infant’s basic needs

Answer 65

* psychosocial crisis for toddlers * results in self-control and voluntary delaying of gratification * Nonachievement leads to anger with self, a lack of self-confidence, and no sense of pride in the ability to perform tasks

Answer 66

* psychosocial crisis for preschoolers * children look for new experiences but will hesitate when adults reprimand them or restrict them from trying new things. * Achieving the tasks of this stage results in assertiveness, dependability, creativity, and personal achievement. * Nonachievement leads to feelings of inadequacy, defeat, and guilt and the belief that they deserve punishment.

Answer 67

* psychosocial crisis for school-age children * children need to receive recognition for accomplishments to provide reinforcement and build self-confidence. * children need to receive recognition for accomplishments to provide reinforcement and build self-confidence. * Nonachievement leads to feelings of inadequacy and the inability to compromise or cooperate with others.

Answer 68

* psychosocial crisis for adolescents * esults in emotional stability, ability to form committed relationships, and sound decision-making. * Nonachievement leads to a lack of personal goals and values, rebelliousness, self-consciousness,

Answer 69

* psychosocial crisis for young adults * results in the ability for mutual self-respect and love, intimacy, and commitment to others and to a career. * social isolation and withdrawal if not achieved

Answer 70

* psychosocial crisis for middle adults * Achieving the tasks of this stage results in professional and personal achievements and active participation in serving the community and society. * self-preoccupation without the capacity to give and share with others.

Answer 71

* psychosocial crisis for older adults * results in wisdom, self-acceptance, and a sense of self-worth as life draws to a close. * leads to dissatisfaction with one’s life, feelings of worthlessness, helplessness to change

Answer 72

Indifference; lack of interest, feeling, concern, or emotion “I don’t care what she puts in my evaluation, it won’t change anything.”

Answer 73

Balancing a failure or inadequacy with an accomplishment “I ate a lot of candy yesterday, but I also ate a big green salad.”

Answer 74

Transformation of an anxiety into a physical symptom that has no cause “I get a severe headache every time I see my ex with his new wife.”

Answer 75

Redirection of emotions away from the original subject or object onto another, less-threatening subject or object “I had enough trouble handling that last patient. I don’t need to deal with this malfunctioning copier right now.”

Answer 76

Disconnection of emotional importance from ideas or events and compartmentalizing those emotions in different parts of awareness “I’m always getting into fights with my neighbors, which is odd because I teach an online course in conflict resolution.”

Answer 77

Attribution of characteristics of someone else to oneself or the imitation of another “I could pass that certification test just like she did, and I haven’t even studied the material.”

Answer 78

Analysis of a situation with facts and not emotions “He didn’t break up with me because he didn’t love me. He just had too much on his plate at work at the time.”

Answer 79

Belief in and expression of the opposite of one’s true feelings “I really hate being in the military, but I always sign some people up at recruitment events.”

Answer 80

Reversion to an earlier, more childlike, developmental behavior “I can’t do all that paperwork, and you can’t make me.”

Answer 81

Elimination of unpleasant emotions, desires, or problems from the conscious mind “They tell me I was hurt in that robbery, but I can’t remember anything about it.”

Answer 82

Rechanneling unacceptable urges or drives into something constructive or acceptable “When I was a kid, I used to like to pull wings and legs off insects I’d catch. Now I am a biology teacher.”

Module 2 - Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

(107 cards)