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Forensic Veterinary Osteology > Module 2: Animals And Structures > Flashcards

Module 2: Animals And Structures Flashcards

1
Q

Process

A

Bony prominence

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2
Q

Eminence

A

Bony projection, not as prominent as process

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3
Q

Spine

A

Long, thin process

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4
Q

Tuberosity

A

Large, roughened eminence, often tendon/ligament attachment site

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5
Q

Tubercle

A

Small, roughened eminence

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6
Q

Boss

A

Smooth, round, broad eminence

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7
Q

Articulation

A

Area where adjacent bones are in contact; joint

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8
Q

Condyle

A

Rounded articular process

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9
Q

Epicondyle

A

Non-articulate projection adjacent to a condyle

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10
Q

Head

A

Large, round, usually articular end of a bone

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11
Q

Shaft

A

Long, straight section of bone

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12
Q

Neck

A

Section of bone between the head and shaft

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13
Q

Torus

A

Bony thickening

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14
Q

Ridge

A

Linear bone elevation

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15
Q

Crest

A

Sharp, thin bone ridge often found between adjacent muscle masses

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16
Q

Line

A

Raised linear surface not as thick as a torus or as sharp as a crest

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17
Q

Facet

A

Small articular surface

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18
Q

Fossa

A

A typically broad and shallow depressed area

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19
Q

Fovea

A

Pitlike depression, smaller than a fossa

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20
Q

Groove

A

Long pit or furrow

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21
Q

Sulcus

A

Long, wide groove

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22
Q

Fontanelle

A

Space between cranial bones of an infant or immature individual

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23
Q

Suture

A

Where adjacent bones of the skull meet or articulate

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24
Q

Foramen

A

An opening through a bone, usually a blood vessel/nerve passes through

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25
Canal
Tunnel-like, extended foramen
26
Meatus
A short canal
27
Sinus
Cavity within a cranial bone
28
Alveolus
Tooth socket
29
Which bone is the most diagnostic of a species?
Skull
30
Bones can be what?
Paired or unpaired
31
Midline/axial bones tend to be what?
Unpaired
32
Skull bones can be what?
Paired or unpaired
33
Cranium bones
Major bones of mammal skulls, variation found in birds, reptiles, fish, etc.
34
Paired bones of the Cranium
Frontal (Unpaired in some species), Nasals, Maxillae, Pre-maxillae/incisives, lacrimals, parietal, temporals, zygomatics/jugals, palatines, pterygoid, mandible (often paired, can fuse), inferior nasal conchae
35
Unpaired bones of the cranium
Occipital complex-supraoccipital/exoccipital/basioccipital, sphenoid complex-prespenoid/basisphenoid, Vomer, Ethmoid
36
Vertebra
Cervical (usually 7) Thoracic (usually 12-the ribs articulate) Lumbar (usually 4-6) Sacral (4-6 fused to form sacrum) Coccygeal (varies)
37
Clavicle
Present in some mammals, maybe vestigial/absent.
38
Os coxae
Hip bones-sacrum and os coxae usually fuse
39
Scapula
Shoulder blade
40
Humerus
Upper arm
41
Radius
Forearm
42
Ulna
Forearm
43
What can the radius and ulna do in many species?
Fuse
44
Carpals
Wrist
45
8 carpals
Radial (1) Ulnar (1) Intermediate (1-can fuse to radial) Distal (2-4) Accessory (1)
46
Metacarpals
Hand/forepaw, often 5, sometimes 1
47
Phalanges
Fingers
48
Types of phalanges
Proximal, intermediate, distal Total: 14
49
How many phalanges does the first digit have?
2-proximal and distal
50
Femur
Upper leg
51
Tibia
Lower leg
52
Fibula
Lower leg-can be fused to tibia
53
Tarsals
Ankle
54
7 tarsals
Talus/astragalus (1) Calcaneus (1) Central (1) Distal (2-4, can fuse)
55
Metatarsals
Foot/hind paw, often 5, sometimes 1
56
Phalanges
Toes, typically 14
57
Diphyodont
Two sets of teeth-deciduous and adult
58
Polyphyodonts
Multiple sets of teeth in a lifetime
59
Teeth categories
Incisors, canines, premolars, molars
60
Heterodonts
Animals with 2+ types of teeth
61
Homodonts
Animals with one type of tooth
62
Incisors
Small, chisel-shaped teeth with a single cusp and root; nipping, scraping and tearing
63
Artiodactyls
Even-toed ungulates (pigs, cattle, deer)
64
Canines
Conical and single cusped with a single root; puncture, hold, tear
65
Premolars and molars
Premolars-single/double rooted, narrow or elongated Molars-2+ roots, rear of mouth, larger, square and wide Chewing and grinding
66
Dental formula
I:C:P:M i:c:p:m or d in front to signify deciduous Total: teeth in formula x2 Ex: 1/1:0/0:2/1:3/3
67
Horse’s first premolar
Wolf teeth
68
Dog 4th upper premolar and lower 1st molar
Sectorial/carnassial teeth Form shearing complex
69
Supernumerary
Additional teeth
70
Do adults or young have more teeth in mammals?
Adults-less deciduous teeth Dogs have no 1st premolar or any molars
71
Position of teeth indicated by:
Numbers Incisors 1-3 Canines 1 Premolars 1-4 Molars 1-4
72
What do you place in front of tooth “number”
R or L for right or left
73
Superscript
Maxilla
74
Subscript
Mandible
75
Dental #s simplified
Start in upper right quadrant and end in lower right 101-110 right upper 201-210 left upper 301-311 left lower 401-411 right lower
76
Cusps
Occlusal projections on upper and lower molars
77
Cusps on upper teeth
-cone
78
Cusps on lower teeth
-conid
79
Cusplets on upper teeth
-style/-conule
80
Cusplets on lower teeth
-stylid/-conulid
81
Protocone
Mesiolingual cusp on upper molar, largest cusp
82
Hypocone
Distolingual cusp on upper molar
83
Paracone
Mesiobuccal cusp on upper molar
84
Metacone
Distobuccal cusp on upper molar
85
Protoconid
Mesiobuccal cusp on lower molar, largest cusp
86
Hypoconid
Distobuccal cusp on lower molar
87
Metaconid
Mesiolingual cusp on lower molar
88
Entoconid
Distolingual cusp on lower molar
89
Hypoconulid
Distalmost cusp on lower molar, highly variable
90
Paraconid
Mesialmost cusp on lower molar, highly variable even in a single individual

Forensic Veterinary Osteology (14 decks)

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