Module 2: Blood

Question 1

What does the cardiovascular system do?

Answer 1

Transport

Question 2

How does the cardiovascular system do what it does? (3)

Answer 2

Transport medium (blood)
Pump (Heart)
Transport conduits (vessels)

Question 3

What is the first bodily system to develop?

Answer 3

Cardiovascular

Question 4

When do fetal heart cells began beating?

Answer 4

16 Days

Question 5

What kind of tissue is whole blood?

Answer 5

Fluid connective tissue

Question 6

What are the functions of whole blood? (5)

Answer 6

1. Transporting
2. Regulating pH and ion composition
3. Restricting fluid loss
4. Defending the body
5. Regulating body temperature

Question 7

What is the temperature of blood?

Answer 7

38.0 C (100.4 F)

Question 8

What is the normal pH of blood?

Answer 8

7.4 (+0.05)(-0.05)

Question 9

What is the viscosity of blood?

Answer 9

5x water

Question 10

What is whole blood composed of?

Answer 10

Plasma + Formed Elements

Question 11

What is the process of separating the components of whole blood into its parts and measuring the percent of formed elements called? (also what is the normal range?)

Answer 11

Hematocrit

40-60%

less than 35% is considered ANEMIC

Question 12

What are the formed elements? (3)

Answer 12

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Question 13

What are the constituents of plasma?

Answer 13

Water (91%)
Proteins (7%)
Small Solutes (2%)

Question 14

What are the three major classes of plasma proteins? (In order from Most to Least %)

Answer 14

Albumins

Globulins

Fibrinogen

Question 15

What is important about albumin?

Answer 15

It plays a large role in controlling blood’s osmotic pressure and transports lipids.

Question 16

What is important about Globulins?

Answer 16

It plays a large role in immune function (immunoglobulins).

Question 17

What is important about Fibrinogen?

Answer 17

It plays a large role in blood clotting (Fibrinogen -> Fibrin).

Question 18

What is blood serum?

Answer 18

Plasma without fibrinogen.

Question 19

What are the leukocytes in order from greatest to least amount?

Answer 19

Neutrophils

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

Eosinophils

Basophils

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

Question 20

What makes up the majority of formed elements? What percentage and total?

Answer 20

Red Blood Cells (98%) (~25 Trillion)

Question 21

What is the process of blood cell formation?

Answer 21

Hemopoiesis

Question 22

What are pluripotent stem cells that divide to form all types of blood cells?

Answer 22

Hemocytoblasts

Question 23

What differentiates lymph stem cells from myeloid stem cells?

Answer 23

Lymph stem cells occur in lymphoid tissues, while myeloid stem cells occur in red bone marrow (myeloid tissue). Myeloid stem cells make all other formed elements besides Lymphocytes.

Question 24

What is the process of erythrocyte formation called?

Answer 24

Erythropoiesis

Question 25

What is Erythropoiesis stimulated by?

Answer 25

erythropoietin (from the kidneys) EPO

Question 26

What stimulates red blood cell formation indirectly?

Answer 26

Growth Hormone & Androgens (RBC is higher in men)

Question 27

What shape and function do RBC's have?

Answer 27

Bi-concave discs, allowing them to stack, bend, and twist.

Question 28

What two factors lead to the shape of red blood cells?

Answer 28

1. Membrane Skeleton 2. Hemoglobin

Question 29

What is the smallest cell in the FEMALE body?

Answer 29

Red Blood Cells

Question 30

What percentage of proteins in red blood cells is from hemoglobin?

Answer 30

95%

Question 31

What polypeptide subunits is hemoglobin composed of?

Answer 31

two alpha chains and two beta chains

Question 32

What does every subunit of hemoglobin contain?

Answer 32

heme (oxygen binder)

Question 33

What is heme?

Answer 33

Heme is a Fe2+ ion ring surrounded by carbons. Reversibly binds O2 (metabolic fuel) Reversibly binds CO2 (metabolic waste) Reversibly binds NO (a vasodilator) Irreversibly binds CO (in car exhaust)

Question 34

What is the four codon change that leads to sickle cell anemia?

Answer 34

PEEK PVEK

Question 35

What causes the red blood cell to turn into a sickle shape from sickle cell anemia?

Answer 35

Mutant Hemoglobin

Question 36

Sickle Cell: Valine on E6V mutant packs into a _______ on deoxy-Hb Causes Hb to link into a _____________________

Answer 36

pocket long, curved chain

Question 37

What converts CO2 to carbonic acid in red blood cells?

Answer 37

Carbonic Anhydrase 1,000,000x Catalyst! 12 Days -> 1 Second

Question 38

What does H2CO3 spontaneously decompose into in the plasma?

Answer 38

HCO3- + H+

Question 39

What is the red blood cell lifespan?

Answer 39

120 Days (700 Miles)

Question 40

How many NEW red blood cells enter the bloodstream every second? (How can it be increased, and by what factor?)

Answer 40

3 Million x10 by EPO

Question 41

What color is bilirubin?

Answer 41

Yellow

Question 42

What are the different blood types, and which have antibodies against the other?

Answer 42

A, B, AB, O Type A RBC's have Type A antigens, but Type B antibodies Type B RBC's have Type B antigens, but Type A antibodies Type AB RBC's have Type A & B antigens, and no antibodies. Type O RBC's have NEITHER Type A or B antigens, but antibodies to both.

Question 43

What occurs when antigens meet corresponding antibodies, causing blood to agglutinate?

Answer 43

Cross-reaction

Question 44

What is described by antibody-induced clumping and lysing?

Answer 44

Agglutination

Question 45

What is another term for "blood clotting?"

Answer 45

Coagulate

Question 46

What is the mother - infant blood typing disease known as?

Answer 46

HDN = Hemolytic Disease of Newborn It can only affect Rh+ babies with Rh- mothers

Question 47

Are white blood cells considered "alive?"

Answer 47

YES

Question 48

What are the two classes of white blood cells?

Answer 48

Granulocytes Agranulocytes

Question 49

What are the Granulocytes?

Answer 49

Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil

Question 50

What are the Agranulocytes?

Answer 50

Lymphocytes Monocytes

Question 51

What determines percentage of each of the five types of W B C. ?

Answer 51

Differential White Blood Count

Question 52

What is a clotting assessment called?

Answer 52

Platelet Count

Question 53

What is a reduced platelet count called?

Answer 53

thrombocytopenia

Question 54

What measures how long it takes for blood to start clotting? 9 to 12 seconds. To test, thromboplastin is added to whole plasma.

Answer 54

Prothrombin time measurement

Question 55

Does Leukemia lead to an increased number of leukocytes or decreased?

Answer 55

Increased

Question 56

What does an elevated monocyte and lymphocyte count called?

Answer 56

Mononucleosis

Question 57

What is WBC production stimulated by? (The EPO of WBC's)

Answer 57

Colony Stimulating Factors (CSF)

Question 58

What are the three stages of blood clotting?

Answer 58

Vascular Phase 1 Platelet Phase 2 Coagulation Phase 3

Question 59

What is described by platelets sticking to endothelial cells?

Answer 59

platelet adhesion

Question 60

What stimulates platelet adhesion?

Answer 60

ADP

Question 61

what stimulates clotting factors? (inducing vascular spasm)

Answer 61

serotonin

Question 62

What is another word for clot?

Answer 62

Thrombus

Question 63

What are the three pathways involved in coagulation?

Answer 63

1. Intrinsic Pathway 2. Extrinsic Pathway 3. Common pathway

Question 64

What protein causes the dissolution of clots?

Answer 64

plasmin

Question 65

What is the balance of thrombin activity controlled by?

Answer 65

thrombomodulin