MODULE 2: CELLS AND TISSUES

Question 1

Smallest unit of life

Answer 1

CELLS

Question 2

A generalized, composite cells has:

Answer 2

1. PLASMA MEMBRANE
2. CYTOPLASM
3. NUCLEUS

Question 3

Selectively permeable barrier

Answer 3

PLASMA MEMBRANE

Question 4

Intercellular fluid packed with organelles

Answer 4

CYTOPLASM

Question 5

Organelle that controls cellular activities

Answer 5

NUCLEUS

Question 6

Includes interstitial fluids, blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 6

ECF / EXTRACELLULAR FLUID

Question 7

Substances that aid in digestion (gastric fluids) or act as lubricants (saliva)

Answer 7

CELLULAR SECRETIONS

Question 8

Most abundant material, jellylike substance composed of proteins and polysaccharides

Answer 8

ECM / EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX

Question 9

Forms the fabric of the membrane (phospholipids + cholesterol)

Answer 9

MEMBRANE LIPIDS

Question 10

Allows the membrane to communicate with its environment, responsible for specialized membrane function

Answer 10

MEMBRANE PROTEINS

Question 11

Includes glycoproteins and glycolipids. Glycocalyx (carbohydrate rich area) provides identity molecules for specific biologicals markers.

Answer 11

MEMBRANE CARBOHYDRATES

Question 12

Allow neighboring cells to adhere and to communicate, inhibit or aid in allowing movement of molecules between cells

Answer 12

CELL JUNCTIONS

Question 13

What are the 4 functions of the Plasma Membrane?

Answer 13

1. PHYSICAL BARRIER
2. SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY
3. COMMUNICATION
4. CELL RECOGNITION

Question 14

Encloses the cell, separating the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid

Answer 14

PHYSICAL BARRIER

Question 15

Determines which substances enters or exit the cell

Answer 15

SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY

Question 16

Plasma membrane proteins interact with specific chemical messengers and relay messages to the cell interior

Answer 16

COMMUNICATION

Question 17

Cell surface carbohydrates allow cells to recognize each other

Answer 17

CELL RECOGNITION

Question 18

Diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer (usually small nonpolar molecules that readily dissolve in lipids)

Answer 18

SIMPLE DIFFUSION

Question 19

Either through a binding to carrier proteins or 2 through water filled channel proteins

Answer 19

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

Question 20

Diffusion of a solvent through a membrane

Answer 20

OSMOSIS

Question 21

Refers to the ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering the cells; internal water volume

Answer 21

TONICITY

Question 22

have the same concentrations of nonpenetrating solutes as those found in the cells, retain shape, exhibit no net loss or gain of water

Answer 22

ISOTONIC

Question 23

higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than seen in the cell, lose water, shrivel or crenate

Answer 23

HYPERTONIC

Question 24

More dilute than cells, cells plump up or lyse

Answer 24

HYPOTONIC

Question 25

- Requires transport proteins that combine specifically and reversibly with the transported substances - Move solutes uphill, against a concentration gradient using energy

Answer 25

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Question 26

Also termed as voltage, electrical potential energy resulting from the separation of oppositely charged particles

Answer 26

MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

Question 27

- Ranging from (-)50 – (-)90 mV. - All cells are electrically polarized at the membrane - The cell interior remains electrically neutral

Answer 27

RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

Question 28

What is PISO?

Answer 28

POTASSIUM AND SODIUM ROLES

Question 29

According to Ren, Roberts and Shi (2011), adhesion molecules are cell surface proteins that mediate the interaction between cells, or between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM).

Answer 29

CAMs / CELL ADHESION MOLECULES

Question 30

Diverse group of integral proteins that serve as binding sites which play a role in Signaling.

Answer 30

PLASMA MEMBRANE RECEPTORS

Question 31

In which cells come together, touch and recognize one another. Useful in development and immunity.

Answer 31

CONTACT SIGNALING

Question 32

Process in which a ligand (chemical messenger) binds a specific receptor and initiates a response.

Answer 32

CHEMICAL SIGNALING

Question 33

Signals from the nervous system

Answer 33

NEUROTRANSMITTERS

Question 34

Signals from the endocrine system

Answer 34

HORMONES

Question 35

Chemicals that act locally and are rapidly destroyed

Answer 35

PARACRINES