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Chemistry > Module 2 - Foundations in Chemistry > Flashcards

Module 2 - Foundations in Chemistry Flashcards

Definitions and Concepts (81 cards)

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1
Q

What is Atomic Number?

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

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2
Q

What does the Bohr Model describe?

A

An atom as a small dense nucleus with electrons orbiting around it.

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3
Q

What is an Electron?

A

A negatively charged subatomic particle which orbits the nucleus at various energy levels. The relative mass of an electron is 1/1836.

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4
Q

What is an Ion?

A

A charged atom or molecule.

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5
Q

What are Isotopes?

A

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons and electrons but different numbers of neutrons.

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6
Q

What is Mass Number?

A

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

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7
Q

What is Mass Spectrometry?

A

An instrument which gives accurate information about relative isotopic mass and the relative abundance of isotopes.

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8
Q

What is a Neutron?

A

A neutral subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom. The relative mass of a neutron is 1.

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9
Q

What is a Proton?

A

A positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom. The relative mass of a proton is 1.

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10
Q

What is Relative Abundance?

A

The amount of one substance compared with another.

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11
Q

What is Relative Atomic Mass?

A

The weighted mean mass of an atom compared with 1/12th mass of an atom of carbon-12.

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12
Q

What is Relative Isotopic Mass?

A

The mass of an atom of an isotope compared with 1/12th mass of an atom of carbon-12.

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13
Q

What is Relative Formula Mass?

A

The mass of the formula unit of a compound with a giant structure.

For example, NaCl has a relative formula mass of 58.44 g mol-1.

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14
Q

What is Relative Molecular Mass (Mr)?

A

The mass of a simple molecule.

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15
Q

What is the formula for Ammonium ion?

A

NH4+.

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16
Q

What is the formula for Carbonate?

A

CO3^2-.

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17
Q

What is the formula for Hydroxide?

A

OH-.

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18
Q

What is an Ionic Compound?

A

A compound made up of oppositely charged ions that are held together by electrostatic forces.

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19
Q

What is the formula for Nitrate?

A

NO3-.

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20
Q

What is the formula for Silver ion?

A

Ag+.

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21
Q

What are State symbols?

A

Symbols within a chemical equation which indicate the state of each compound under the reaction conditions: (g) gaseous, (l) liquid, (s) solid and (aq) aqueous.

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22
Q

What is the formula for Sulfate?

A

SO4^2-.

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23
Q

What is the formula for Zinc ion?

A

Zn2+.

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24
Q

What is Amount of Substance?

A

The quantity that has moles as its units, used as a way of counting atoms.

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25
How can Amount of Substance be calculated?
Using mass (n = m/M), gas volumes (n = pV/(RT)) or solution volume and concentration (n = CV).
26
What does Anhydrous mean?
A crystalline compound containing no water.
27
What is Atom Economy?
A measure of the amount of starting materials that end up as useful products.
28
What is Avogadro Constant (NA)?
The number of particles per mole of substance (6.02 x 10^23 mol-1).
29
What is Composition by mass?
The relative mass of each element in a compound.
30
What is an Empirical Formula?
The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound.
31
What does Hydrated mean?
A crystalline compound that contains water.
32
What is an Ideal Gas?
A gas which has molecules that occupy negligible space with no interactions between them.
33
What is Molar Gas Volume?
The volume of 1 mole of gas (units: dm3 mol-1).
34
What is Molar Mass?
Mass per mole of a substance (units: g mol-1).
35
What is a Mole (mol)?
The amount of any substance containing as many particles as there are carbon atoms in exactly 12g of carbon-12 isotope.
36
What is a Molecular Formula?
The number and type of atoms of each element in a molecule.
37
What is Percentage Yield?
The percentage ratio of the actual yield of product from a reaction compared with the theoretical yield.
38
What is Relative Molecular Mass?
The average mass of one molecule of an element or compound compared to 1/12th the mass of an atom of carbon-12.
39
What is Stoichiometry?
The relative quantities of substances in a reaction.
40
What is Water of Crystallisation?
Water molecules that form part of the crystalline structure of a compound.
41
What is an Acid?
Compounds that release H+ ions in aqueous solution.
42
What is an Alkali?
Water soluble bases that release OH- ions into aqueous solution.
43
What is a Base?
A substance that can accept H+ ions from another substance.
44
What is Neutralisation?
A reaction between H+ and OH-, forming water.
45
What is a Strong Acid?
An acid that completely dissociates in solution.
46
What is Titration?
A technique used to determine the amount of one solution of a known concentration required to completely react with a known volume of another solution of unknown concentration.
47
What is a Weak Acid?
An acid that only partially dissociates in solution.
48
What is Oxidation?
Loss of electrons or increase in oxidation number.
49
What is Oxidation Number?
A number that represents the number of electrons lost or gained by an atom of an element.
50
What is a Redox Reaction?
A reaction in which one element is oxidised and another is reduced.
51
What is Reduction?
Gain of electrons or decrease in oxidation number.
52
What is an Atomic Orbital?
A region of space around the nucleus that can hold up to 2 electrons with opposite spins.
53
What is Electronic Configuration?
The arrangement of electrons into orbitals and energy levels around the nucleus of an atom or ion.
54
What is an Energy Level?
The shell that an electron is in.
55
What is a Shell?
The orbit that an orbital is in around the nucleus of an atom.
56
What is a Sub-shell?
A subdivision of the electronic shells into different orbitals.
57
What is Average bond enthalpy?
The average energy required to break a bond, used as a measurement of the strength of a covalent bond.
58
What is a Bonding pair?
A pair of outer-shell electrons involved in bonding.
59
What is a Covalent bond?
A strong bond formed between 2 atoms due to the electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the atomic nuclei.
60
What is a Dative Covalent (Coordinate) bond?
A type of covalent bond in which both of the electrons in the shared pair come from one atom.
61
What is Electronegativity?
The ability of an atom to attract bonding electrons in a covalent bond.
62
What is Electron Pair Repulsion Theory?
Pairs of electrons around a nucleus repel each other so the shape that a molecule adopts has these pairs of electrons positioned as far apart as possible.
63
What is Hydrogen Bonding?
A type of intermolecular bonding that occurs between molecules containing N, O or F and a H atom of -NH, -OH or HF.
64
What are Intermolecular Forces?
Interactions between different molecules.
65
What is an Ionic Bond?
Electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions.
66
What are Ionic Compounds?
Compounds made up of oppositely charged ions.
67
What is an Ionic Lattice?
A giant structure in which oppositely charged ions are strongly attracted in all directions.
68
What does Linear refer to in molecular shape?
The shape of a molecule in which the central atom has 2 bonding pairs.
69
What are London (Dispersion) Forces?
Induced dipole-dipole interactions caused when the random movement of electrons creates a temporary dipole.
70
What is a Lone Pair?
A pair of outer-shell electrons not involved in bonding.
71
What are Macroscopic Properties?
Properties of a bulk material rather than the individual atoms/molecules that make up the material.
72
What does Non-linear refer to in molecular shape?
The shape of a molecule in which the central atom has 2 bonding pairs and 2 lone pairs.
73
What does Octahedral refer to in molecular shape?
The shape of a molecule in which the central atom has 6 bonding pairs.
74
What is a Permanent Dipole?
A permanent uneven distribution of charge.
75
What is a Polar Bond?
A covalent bond that has a permanent dipole due to the different electronegativities of the atoms.
76
What is a Polar Molecule?
A molecule that contains polar bonds with dipoles that don’t cancel out due to their direction.
77
What does Pyramidal refer to in molecular shape?
The shape of a molecule in which the central atom has 3 bonding pairs and 1 lone pair.
78
What is a Simple Molecular Lattice?
A solid structure made up of covalently bonded molecules attracted by intermolecular force.
79
What does Tetrahedral refer to in molecular shape?
The shape of a molecule in which the central atom has 4 bonding pairs.
80
What does Trigonal bipyramidal refer to in molecular shape?
The shape of a molecule in which the central atom has 5 bonding pairs.
81
What does Trigonal Planar refer to in molecular shape?
The shape of a molecule in which the central atom has 3 bonding pairs.

Chemistry (5 decks)

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