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REPD 372 > Module 2: Gametogenesis and Hormone Regulation > Flashcards

Module 2: Gametogenesis and Hormone Regulation Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

Gametogenesis

A

-process by which gametes are produced in sexually reproducing organisms

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2
Q

What does gametogenesis ensure

A

-that the gametes are haploid
-the gametes acquire the specialized characteristics that will allow them to fuse successfully via fertilization

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3
Q

Steps of gamete formation

A

-mitotic division
-meiotic division
-maturation

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4
Q

Spermatogenesis steps

A

-mitotic proliferation
-meiosis I
-meiosis II
-maturation

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5
Q

2 types of daughter cells

A

-type A
-type B

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6
Q

Type A daughter cells

A

-will continue to replenish the spermatogonial pool

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7
Q

Type B daughter cells

A

-will divide by mitosis to produce identical primary spermatocytes which enter a resting phase in preparation for meiosis I

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8
Q

Where are spermatogonia located

A

-closest to the basal membrane of seminiferous tubules in outermost layer

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9
Q

Where are daughter cells located

A

-move towards the surface of the epithelium to reach the lumen of the tubule

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10
Q

Where are the spermatozoa

A

-once mature they are released into the lumen of the tubule to be transported out of the testis towards epididymis or maturation and storage

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11
Q

Spermatogenesis waves

A

-within seminiferous tubules, the local course of spermatogenesis occurs in a wave like pattern

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12
Q

How do the waves move in spermatogenesis

A

-move in spirals towards the inner part of the lumen
-at the end of the spiral, the fully developed spermatogonia are in the lumen and as they mature they move along the tubule to give way to new cells

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13
Q

How long does the process of spermatogenesis waves take

A

-64-70 days

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14
Q

Supporting cells of the seminiferous tubules

A

-leydig cells
-sertoli cells

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15
Q

Leydig cells location

A

-intertubular regions of the testis

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16
Q

Leydig cells function

A

-responsible for testosterone production

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17
Q

Sertoli cells function

A

-provide structural and nutritional support to developing sperm cells until they mature

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18
Q

Blood-testis barrier

A

-regulates the passage of substances from the circulation into the lumen of seminiferous

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19
Q

Basal compartment of the blood-testis barrier

A

-the area below the blood-testis barrier

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20
Q

Apical compartment of the blood-testis barrier

A

-the area above the blood-testis barrier

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21
Q

Immune privileged environment

A

-meiotic and post meiotic cells develop after the body has established immune tolerance and thus could be recognized as foreign by immune system
-seminiferous tubules are thought to actively exclude immune cells and other factors from entering, mostly from the blood-testis border

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22
Q

Parts of a mature sperm cell

A

-acrosome
-head
-midpiece
-tail
-end piece

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23
Q

Acrosome

A

-structure that contains hydrolytic enzymes that the sperm cell will use to enter the egg

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24
Q

Head of sperm

A

-contains DNA and acrosome

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25
Midpiece of sperm
-contains all of the mitochondria, which create energy used by the tail
26
Tail of sperm
-typical flagellum
27
End piece of sperm
-last portion of sperm tail
28
Teratozoospermia
-sperm with abnormal morphology
29
Examples of how teratozoospermia can happen
-cryptorchildism -varioceles -genetic disorders
30
Varioceles
-enlargement of veins within scrotum
31
Steps of oogenesis
-mitotic division -meiosis I -meiosis II
32
Oogenesis mitotic division
-produces primary oocytes
33
Oogenesis meiosis I
-dormant primary oocyte will complete meiosis I to produce haploid secondary oocyte
34
Oogenesis meiosis II
-secondary oocyte becomes fertilized to produce ootid -ootid becomes a mature ovum
35
Improper formation of polar bodies
-oocytes with a polar body that has been improperly formed are significantly less likely to fertilize -embryos that do form from them end up having significantly impaired growth
36
Structure of the ovum
-corona radiata -zona pellucida -vitelline membrane -ooplasm -germinal vesicle -germinal spot
37
Corona radiata
-layer of cells around oocyte that will be released with it during ovulation -provides vital proteins
38
Zona pellucida
-hard shell -binds to head of spermatozoa and helps initiate acrosome reaction
39
Vitelline membrane
-outer portion of cell membrane
40
Ooplasm
-yolk of the egg cell -contains mitochondria
41
Germinal vesicle
-nucleus of cell -contains all genetic material
42
Germinal spot
-nuclueolus of ovum
43
Timing of oogenesis steps
-fetal period -childhood -adulthood
44
Fetal period oogenesis
-oogonia proliferate and mature into primary oocytes, large portion of which undergo apoptosis -leaving about 2 million oocytes arrested in prophase I
45
Childhood
-arrested primary oocytes have been surrounded by somatic cells becoming follicles which will remain dormant until puberty -a lot of them will undergo cell death, leaving about 40 000
46
Adulthood
-influence of hormones at puberty -arrested primary oocytes resume maturation following a monthly cycle
47
Age and risk of aneuploidy
-the human oocyte can remain in prophase I for several decades -there may be a risk of segregation errors in older eggs
48
Ovarian follicles function
-produce the sex hormones that promote oogenesis and regulate pregnancy when fertilization is successful
49
Cells of the ovarian follicles
-theca cells -granulosa cells
50
Theca cells
-surround the follicle -produce the precursors required by granulosa cells to produce progesterone and estrogen
51
Granulosa cells
-produce estrogen and progesterone
52
Follicular phase
-occurs within ovarian follicles -follicular phase ends with ovulation, the moment when a single secondary oocyte is released
53
Luteal phase
-changes which occur after ovulation to the empty follicle -after ovulation the follicle briefly becomes the corpus hemorrgaicum and then the corpus luteum
54
Corpus luteum
-produces progesterone to prepare body for pregnancy, if fertilization does not occur, it degenerates, becoming the corpus albicans
55
Folliculogenesis steps
-primordial follicle -primary follicle -secondary follicle -tertiary (graafian) follicle
56
Primordial follicle
-dormant follicles we are born with -contain primary oocyte surrounded by singular layer of flattened granulosa cells
57
Primary follicle
-granulosa becomes cuboidal -oocyte forms zona pellucida
58
Secondary follicle
-forms as granulosa cells multiply and theca cells are recruited to surround outermost layer
59
Tertiary (graafian) follicle
-granulosa and theca cells multiply and follicle grows in diameter
60
Ovarian cycle
-describes the changes that occur in the ovary
61
Uterine cycle
-describes the preparation and maintenance of the uterus to receive a fertilized egg
62
Menstrual cycle
-the ovarian and uterine cycle combined
63
The HPG axis
-major signalling pathway between hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and the gonads -regulates production of specific hormones that direct function of reproductive system
64
Hormones of the HPG axis
-gonadotropin releasing hormone -lutenizing hormone -follicle-stimulating hormone
65
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
-at around age 10-12, these hormones neurons in the hypothalamus receive a signal to start producing GnRH
66
What does GnRH induce
-the release of gonadotropins
67
Lutenizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone
-once GnRH is released, it travels towards the anterior pituitary and binds secretory cells, causing them to produce gonadotropins
68
Hormonal effects of HPG axis
-LH and FSH are released by pituitary gland in bloodstream and go on to produce different effects in each sex
69
HPG axis in males function
-mainly involved in the regulation of testosterone production and process of spermatogenesis
70
HPG axis in females function
-mainly involved in regulation of menstrual cycle
71
Regulation of HPG axis
-GnRH is released in a pulsatile manner -frequency and size of pulses determine the synthesis and secretion of gonadotropins
72
GnRH pulses in males
-relatively constant frequency throughout the day
73
GnRH pulses in females
-frequency of pulses depends on stage of menstrual cycle
74
Inhibin
-protein secreted by granulosa (female) and sertoli (male) cells in response to FSH accumulation
75
Major action of inhibin
-negative feedback control of pituitary FSH secretion
76
Hormones of the follicular phase
-FSH -LH -estrogen
77
FSH phase
-FSH levels continue to rise from the last few days of the previous menstrual cycle and peak during the first week of follicular phase -stimulates 5-7 primary oocytes to begin maturation
78
LH phase
-before LH levels rise, 1-2 follicles emerge as dominant -Lh binds to receptors on theca cells to induce production of estrogen precursors which emerge to granulosa cells -granulosa cells begin to produce estrogen
79
Estrogen phase
-estrogen secretion of dominant follicle leads to slight decrease in LH and FSH levels causing death of other follicles -therefore only one follicle will prevail and reach maturity
80
Hormones of the ovulatory phase
-estrogen -LH
81
Estrogen in the ovulatory phase
-continues to rise as follicle matures and exerts a positive feedback action to cause a surge of LH production
82
Lh in the ovulatory phase
-makes the mature follicle finally rupture
83
Luteal phase
-FSH and LH now cause the empty follicle to transform into corpus luteum
84
What does progesterone effect
-the uterine lining and makes it receptive to implantation
85
What does the corpus luteum become when it degenerates
-corpus albicans
86
The uterine cycle phases
-menses -proliferative phase -secretory phase
87
Menses of uterine cycle
-stage where cycle restarts -the uterine lining is shed due to release of prostaglandins
88
Proliferative phase of uterine cycle
-endometrium consists of only a few layers of cells and is less than 1 mm thick -estrogen secretion increases due to newly developing follicle which causes the repair and growth of the endometrium to 3-5 mm
89
Secretory phase of uterine cycle
-this is when the uterine endometrium is receptive to implantation and coincides with the luteal phase -progesterone increases the blood supply to the uterine lining and reduces the contractility of smooth muscle in the uterus lining
90
Hormones in the male cycle
-LH -FSH
91
LH in the male cycle
-enters the testes and stimulates the interstitial leydig cells to make and release testosterone into the testes and the blood
92
FSH in the male cycle
-enters testes and stimulates sertoli cells to produce androgen binding protein (ABP) and inhibin
93
Androgen binding protein (ABP)
-protein that specifically binds testosterone to help concentrate it in the luminal fluid of the seminiferous tubules
94
How is the male hormonal cycle regulated
-via the negative feedback system -rising levels of testosterone and inhibin act on the hypothalamus and pituitary
95
HPG axis disorders
-disruptions in normal sex hormones and metabolism
96
Types of hormonal imbalances in males
-hypogonadism -gynecomastia
97
Hypogonadism
-decreases production of gonadal hormones -impaired function of gonads and sexual growth -the body does not produce enough testosterone
98
Gynecomastia
-excessive development of the male breasts that can be caused by a variety of endocrine disorders
99
Types of hormonal imbalances in females
-hyperandrogenism -polycystic ovarian syndrome
100
Hyperandrogenism
-excessive secretion of androgens by adrenal cortex, ovaries, or testis
101
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
-results in infrequent or prolonged menstrual periods and development of small collections of fluid in the ovaries leading to failure of egg release

REPD 372 (6 decks)

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