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REPD 372 > Module 6: Frontiers in Reproductive Health and Technology > Flashcards

Module 6: Frontiers in Reproductive Health and Technology Flashcards

1
Q

Oncofertility

A

-specialty field bridging the gap between oncology and reproductive medicine
-focuses on expanding the methods of fertility preservation in cancer survivors

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2
Q

What is cancer

A

-abnormal and malignant growth of any of the body’s own cells

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3
Q

What percent of cancer cases are prostate

A

-21%

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4
Q

What percent of cancer cases are breast

A

-25%

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5
Q

How many people are expected to develop cancer in their lifetime

A

-1 in 2

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6
Q

Impact of childhood cancer

A

-future physical development and fertility prospects

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7
Q

Types of cancer treatments

A

-surgery
-chemotherapy
-radiation
-hormone therapy
-immunotherapy
-targeted therapy

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8
Q

Effect of surgery on fertility

A

-reproductive organ surgeries may damage innervation and sexual function

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9
Q

Effect of chemotherapy on fertility

A

-can be affected by DNA damaging drugs, can be temporary or permanent

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10
Q

Effect of radiation on fertility

A

-x-ray energy damages DNA, leading to cell necrosis

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11
Q

Affect of hormone therapy on fertility

A

-blocking the production of reproductive hormones causes temporary fertility loss

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12
Q

Effect of immunotherapy on fertility

A

-long term fertility effects are unknown, since this is a new form of therapy which enhances the immune response to cancer cells

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13
Q

Effect of targeted therapy on fertility

A

-long term fertility effects are unknown, since this is a new form of therapy being introduced to target specific molecules in cancer cells

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14
Q

Fertility preservation methods

A

-used to protect and manage patient fertility

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15
Q

Current methods of family preservation

A

-gonadal shielding
-cryopreservation

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16
Q

Gonadal shielding

A

-procedure used to help keep a person fertile by preventing damage to reproductive organs during radiation therapy

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17
Q

How does gonadal shielding work

A

-protective shield is placed on the outside of the body to cover the area of the gonads and other parts of the reproductive system during radiation therapy

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18
Q

Crypreservation

A

-involves freezing gametes or embryos, for use in the future with the aid of assisted reproductive technologies

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19
Q

How does cryopreservation work

A

-holds tissues at temperatures between -140 and -200 degrees celcius at which no biological activity can occur
-produces a state of suspended animation

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20
Q

Risks of cryopreservation

A

-process of cooling and warming causes damage to the cells

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21
Q

Cryopreservation tissue damage

A

-dehydration/osmotic damage
-mechanical changes
-pH changes
-rehydration damage
-oxidative stress
-temperature stress

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22
Q

Dehydration/osmotic damage of cryopreservation

A

-increased solute concentration interruption of ion exchange

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23
Q

Mechanical changes of cryopreservation

A

-excessive folding of membrane as cell volume is reduced

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24
Q

pH changes cryopreservation

A

-changes in electrochemical gradients
-alterations to enzyme activity

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25
Q

Rehydration damage cryopreservation

A

-lysis of damaged cells
-loss of electrolytes

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26
Q

Oxidative stress cryopreservation

A

-free radical damage
-lipid peroxidation

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27
Q

Temperature stress cryopreservation

A

-denaturation of proteins
-breached membranes due to formation of ice crystals

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28
Q

Ovarian tissue cryopreservation

A

-method in which individual follicles or strips of ovarian can be cryopreserved directly for future use in either tissue transplantation or in vitro follicle maturation

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29
Q

Risk of ovarian tissue cryopreservation

A

-associated with a risk of reintroducing cancer cells from the transplanted tissue and is thus considered a last option for the preservation of fertility in patients

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30
Q

Oocyte cryopreservation

A

-ideal for women who do not have a male partner or sperm donor at time of preservation

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31
Q

Step one of oocyte cryopreservation

A

-hormonal stimulation used to induce superovulation

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32
Q

Step two of oocyte cryopreservation

A

-oocytes are collected via transvaginal oocyte retrieval

33
Q

Step three of oocyte cryopreservation

A

-harvested oocytes are cryopreserved

34
Q

Step four of oocyte cryopreservation

A

-can be thawed and fertilized by in vitro fertilization

35
Q

Step five of oocyte cryopreservation

A

-resulting embryos are transferred into patient during disease remission

36
Q

Embryo cryopreservation

A

-most successful method of fertility preservation

37
Q

Step one embryo cryopreservation

A

-superovulation occurs due to hormonal stimulation

38
Q

Step two embryo cryopreservation

A

-oocytes are collected via transvaginal oocyte retrieval

39
Q

Step three embryo cryopreservation

A

-harvested oocytes are fertilized in vitro

40
Q

Step four embryo cryopreservation

A

-embryos are cryopreserved

41
Q

Step five embryo cryopreservation

A

-cryopreserved embryos will be thawed and transferred into patient at remission

42
Q

Testicular tissue preservation

A

-can be used in prepubertal boys who do not yet produce mature sperm
-testicular tissue containing immature sperm is removed and frozen before cancer therapy

43
Q

Mature sperm preservation

A

-mature semen samples can be collected from post pubertal men
-spermatozoa seem to be less sensitive to cryopreservation damage because of high fluidity of membrane and low water content

44
Q

Testicular sperm aspiration

A

-collection method for men who are unable to ejaculate or who produce low amounts of semen with ejaculation

45
Q

The oncofertility consortium

A

-major advancement in advocacy for the devastating effects that cancer can have on the possibility of having children

45
Q

Embryo selection

A

-techniques focus on the evaluation and pre-selection of embryos that are most viable for conception

46
Q

Embryo modification

A

-involves the direct genetic editing of the DNA sequence of an embryo

47
Q

Preimplantation genetic screening

A

-used to aid embryo selection for certain groups of patients, such as those with advanced maternal age, repeated IVF failure, severe male factor infertility, or repeated miscarriage

48
Q

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis

A

-diagnostic test used to select genetically or chromosomally normal embryos for patients at high risk of transmitting a specific genetic abnormality to their children before proceeding with IVF

49
Q

When is preimplantation genetic diagnosis used

A

-in cases where both prospective parents are carriers of an autosomal recessive mutation
-or when one of parents is heterozygous for an autosomal dominant mutation

50
Q

What are types of autosomal recessive mutations

A

-cystic fibrosis
-sickle cell anemia

51
Q

What are types of autosomal dominant mutations

A

-huntingtons disease
-neurofibromatosis

52
Q

Ethical issues of preimplantation genetic screening

A

-mosaic embryos

53
Q

What are mosaic embryos

A

-embryos that contain both normal and abnormal cells

54
Q

Ethical issues of preimplantation genetic diagnosis

A

-debate over which inheritable conditions are serve and debilitating enough to be acceptable for treatment

55
Q

Genome editing

A

-comprises all the technologies that allow scientists to change DNA of a cell or organism in a targeted manner

56
Q

Applications of genome editing

A

-crops and livestock
-biomedicine
-industrial technology
-reproduction

57
Q

Crops and livestock genome editing

A

-used to increase yield
-for example by introducing resistance to disease and pests, and tolerance of different environmental conditions

58
Q

Biomedicine genome editing

A

-used in pharmaceutical development, xenotransplantation, gene and cell-based therapies, and control of insect-borne diseases

59
Q

Industrial technology genome editing

A

-developing third generation biofuels, producing chemicals, materials and pharmaceuticals

60
Q

Reproduction genome editing

A

-used for preventing the inheritance of a disease trait

61
Q

Embryo editing technologies

A

-mitochondrial replacement
-CRISPR/Cas9 system

62
Q

Mitochondrial modification

A

-method used to treat conditions caused by mutations of mitochondrial DNA

63
Q

Mitochondrial diseases

A

-most common group of inherited metabolic disorders
-most common forms of inherited neurological disorders

64
Q

Inheritance of mitochondrial DNA

A

-mitochondria have their own mitochondrial DNA, which is inherited exclusively from the mother

65
Q

Why is mitochondrial DNA inherited only from the mother

A

-mitochondria are lost during fertilization because only the head of the sperm fertilizes the egg
-the mitochondria is located in the midpiece

66
Q

Mitochondrial modification methods

A

-mitochondrial transfer
-mitochondrial gene editing

67
Q

Mitochondrial transfer

A

-extract chromosomes in metaphase II from mothers egg to then transfer to healthy donor egg
-hybrid egg is then transferred to mothers uterus
-often called the 3 parent embryo because it contains genetic material from 3 individuals

68
Q

Mitochondrial gene editing

A

-gene editing technology is used to directly remove and replace the DNA section containing the mutation

69
Q

CRISPR/Cas9 system

A

-genome editing tool that is capable of recognizing specific DNA sequences, cutting them, and even replacing them with a new sequence

70
Q

Ethical issue of selection in embryo manipulation

A

-these technologies could be used for non-medial modifications such as race, height, weight, and even math inclination
-could also reinforce prejudice against those with disabilities or other undesirable traits

71
Q

Ethical issue of modification in embryo manipulation

A

-may be greater consequences of changes on a large scale that are still unknown
-could be misused for introducing new traits etc.

72
Q

Ethical issues of long term health and unborn offspring in embryo manipulation

A

-there are many questions about the health and future identity of unborn offspring produced by these technologies
-the oldest IVF child is only about 35 so it is unknown what the long-term concequences are

73
Q

Barkers hypothesis

A

-he examined that the poorest areas of england were those with the highest rates of heart disease
-was able to demonstrate a predicative relationship between low birth weight and heart disease in adults

74
Q

Epigenetic mechanisms

A

-make changes possible and elements including histones, the proteins that package the DNA strand, and proteins that control gene transcription

75
Q

What does the genome refer to

A

-our DNA sequence

76
Q

What does the epigenome refer to

A

-elements that regulate gene expression without altering the DNA sequence

77
Q

Transgenerational health

A

-health choices and experiences may seem to only affect us but may have an impact across several generations

78
Q

How may genome editing technologies effect the DNA sequence

A

-may additionally be influencing the epigenome

REPD 372 (6 decks)

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