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REPD 372 > Module 6: Frontiers in Reproductive Health and Technology > Flashcards

Module 6: Frontiers in Reproductive Health and Technology Flashcards

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1
Q

Oncofertility

A

-specialty field bridging the gap between oncology and reproductive medicine
-focuses on expanding the methods of fertility preservation in cancer survivors

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2
Q

What is cancer

A

-abnormal and malignant growth of any of the body’s own cells

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3
Q

What percent of cancer cases are prostate

A

-21%

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4
Q

What percent of cancer cases are breast

A

-25%

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5
Q

How many people are expected to develop cancer in their lifetime

A

-1 in 2

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6
Q

Impact of childhood cancer

A

-future physical development and fertility prospects

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7
Q

Types of cancer treatments

A

-surgery
-chemotherapy
-radiation
-hormone therapy
-immunotherapy
-targeted therapy

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8
Q

Effect of surgery on fertility

A

-reproductive organ surgeries may damage innervation and sexual function

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9
Q

Effect of chemotherapy on fertility

A

-can be affected by DNA damaging drugs, can be temporary or permanent

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10
Q

Effect of radiation on fertility

A

-x-ray energy damages DNA, leading to cell necrosis

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11
Q

Affect of hormone therapy on fertility

A

-blocking the production of reproductive hormones causes temporary fertility loss

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12
Q

Effect of immunotherapy on fertility

A

-long term fertility effects are unknown, since this is a new form of therapy which enhances the immune response to cancer cells

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13
Q

Effect of targeted therapy on fertility

A

-long term fertility effects are unknown, since this is a new form of therapy being introduced to target specific molecules in cancer cells

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14
Q

Fertility preservation methods

A

-used to protect and manage patient fertility

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15
Q

Current methods of family preservation

A

-gonadal shielding
-cryopreservation

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16
Q

Gonadal shielding

A

-procedure used to help keep a person fertile by preventing damage to reproductive organs during radiation therapy

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17
Q

How does gonadal shielding work

A

-protective shield is placed on the outside of the body to cover the area of the gonads and other parts of the reproductive system during radiation therapy

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18
Q

Crypreservation

A

-involves freezing gametes or embryos, for use in the future with the aid of assisted reproductive technologies

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19
Q

How does cryopreservation work

A

-holds tissues at temperatures between -140 and -200 degrees celcius at which no biological activity can occur
-produces a state of suspended animation

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20
Q

Risks of cryopreservation

A

-process of cooling and warming causes damage to the cells

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21
Q

Cryopreservation tissue damage

A

-dehydration/osmotic damage
-mechanical changes
-pH changes
-rehydration damage
-oxidative stress
-temperature stress

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22
Q

Dehydration/osmotic damage of cryopreservation

A

-increased solute concentration interruption of ion exchange

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23
Q

Mechanical changes of cryopreservation

A

-excessive folding of membrane as cell volume is reduced

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24
Q

pH changes cryopreservation

A

-changes in electrochemical gradients
-alterations to enzyme activity

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25
Rehydration damage cryopreservation
-lysis of damaged cells -loss of electrolytes
26
Oxidative stress cryopreservation
-free radical damage -lipid peroxidation
27
Temperature stress cryopreservation
-denaturation of proteins -breached membranes due to formation of ice crystals
28
Ovarian tissue cryopreservation
-method in which individual follicles or strips of ovarian can be cryopreserved directly for future use in either tissue transplantation or in vitro follicle maturation
29
Risk of ovarian tissue cryopreservation
-associated with a risk of reintroducing cancer cells from the transplanted tissue and is thus considered a last option for the preservation of fertility in patients
30
Oocyte cryopreservation
-ideal for women who do not have a male partner or sperm donor at time of preservation
31
Step one of oocyte cryopreservation
-hormonal stimulation used to induce superovulation
32
Step two of oocyte cryopreservation
-oocytes are collected via transvaginal oocyte retrieval
33
Step three of oocyte cryopreservation
-harvested oocytes are cryopreserved
34
Step four of oocyte cryopreservation
-can be thawed and fertilized by in vitro fertilization
35
Step five of oocyte cryopreservation
-resulting embryos are transferred into patient during disease remission
36
Embryo cryopreservation
-most successful method of fertility preservation
37
Step one embryo cryopreservation
-superovulation occurs due to hormonal stimulation
38
Step two embryo cryopreservation
-oocytes are collected via transvaginal oocyte retrieval
39
Step three embryo cryopreservation
-harvested oocytes are fertilized in vitro
40
Step four embryo cryopreservation
-embryos are cryopreserved
41
Step five embryo cryopreservation
-cryopreserved embryos will be thawed and transferred into patient at remission
42
Testicular tissue preservation
-can be used in prepubertal boys who do not yet produce mature sperm -testicular tissue containing immature sperm is removed and frozen before cancer therapy
43
Mature sperm preservation
-mature semen samples can be collected from post pubertal men -spermatozoa seem to be less sensitive to cryopreservation damage because of high fluidity of membrane and low water content
44
Testicular sperm aspiration
-collection method for men who are unable to ejaculate or who produce low amounts of semen with ejaculation
45
The oncofertility consortium
-major advancement in advocacy for the devastating effects that cancer can have on the possibility of having children
45
Embryo selection
-techniques focus on the evaluation and pre-selection of embryos that are most viable for conception
46
Embryo modification
-involves the direct genetic editing of the DNA sequence of an embryo
47
Preimplantation genetic screening
-used to aid embryo selection for certain groups of patients, such as those with advanced maternal age, repeated IVF failure, severe male factor infertility, or repeated miscarriage
48
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
-diagnostic test used to select genetically or chromosomally normal embryos for patients at high risk of transmitting a specific genetic abnormality to their children before proceeding with IVF
49
When is preimplantation genetic diagnosis used
-in cases where both prospective parents are carriers of an autosomal recessive mutation -or when one of parents is heterozygous for an autosomal dominant mutation
50
What are types of autosomal recessive mutations
-cystic fibrosis -sickle cell anemia
51
What are types of autosomal dominant mutations
-huntingtons disease -neurofibromatosis
52
Ethical issues of preimplantation genetic screening
-mosaic embryos
53
What are mosaic embryos
-embryos that contain both normal and abnormal cells
54
Ethical issues of preimplantation genetic diagnosis
-debate over which inheritable conditions are serve and debilitating enough to be acceptable for treatment
55
Genome editing
-comprises all the technologies that allow scientists to change DNA of a cell or organism in a targeted manner
56
Applications of genome editing
-crops and livestock -biomedicine -industrial technology -reproduction
57
Crops and livestock genome editing
-used to increase yield -for example by introducing resistance to disease and pests, and tolerance of different environmental conditions
58
Biomedicine genome editing
-used in pharmaceutical development, xenotransplantation, gene and cell-based therapies, and control of insect-borne diseases
59
Industrial technology genome editing
-developing third generation biofuels, producing chemicals, materials and pharmaceuticals
60
Reproduction genome editing
-used for preventing the inheritance of a disease trait
61
Embryo editing technologies
-mitochondrial replacement -CRISPR/Cas9 system
62
Mitochondrial modification
-method used to treat conditions caused by mutations of mitochondrial DNA
63
Mitochondrial diseases
-most common group of inherited metabolic disorders -most common forms of inherited neurological disorders
64
Inheritance of mitochondrial DNA
-mitochondria have their own mitochondrial DNA, which is inherited exclusively from the mother
65
Why is mitochondrial DNA inherited only from the mother
-mitochondria are lost during fertilization because only the head of the sperm fertilizes the egg -the mitochondria is located in the midpiece
66
Mitochondrial modification methods
-mitochondrial transfer -mitochondrial gene editing
67
Mitochondrial transfer
-extract chromosomes in metaphase II from mothers egg to then transfer to healthy donor egg -hybrid egg is then transferred to mothers uterus -often called the 3 parent embryo because it contains genetic material from 3 individuals
68
Mitochondrial gene editing
-gene editing technology is used to directly remove and replace the DNA section containing the mutation
69
CRISPR/Cas9 system
-genome editing tool that is capable of recognizing specific DNA sequences, cutting them, and even replacing them with a new sequence
70
Ethical issue of selection in embryo manipulation
-these technologies could be used for non-medial modifications such as race, height, weight, and even math inclination -could also reinforce prejudice against those with disabilities or other undesirable traits
71
Ethical issue of modification in embryo manipulation
-may be greater consequences of changes on a large scale that are still unknown -could be misused for introducing new traits etc.
72
Ethical issues of long term health and unborn offspring in embryo manipulation
-there are many questions about the health and future identity of unborn offspring produced by these technologies -the oldest IVF child is only about 35 so it is unknown what the long-term concequences are
73
Barkers hypothesis
-he examined that the poorest areas of england were those with the highest rates of heart disease -was able to demonstrate a predicative relationship between low birth weight and heart disease in adults
74
Epigenetic mechanisms
-make changes possible and elements including histones, the proteins that package the DNA strand, and proteins that control gene transcription
75
What does the genome refer to
-our DNA sequence
76
What does the epigenome refer to
-elements that regulate gene expression without altering the DNA sequence
77
Transgenerational health
-health choices and experiences may seem to only affect us but may have an impact across several generations
78
How may genome editing technologies effect the DNA sequence
-may additionally be influencing the epigenome

REPD 372 (6 decks)

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