Module 2: Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
define health promotion and disease prevention
A
- efforts to actively bring people to good health and keep them there
- prevent disease and injury
2
Q
what are the two levels of health promotion and disease prevention
A
- individual level
- population level
3
Q
what do most new years resolutions focus on
A
- health
- # 1 is weight loss
4
Q
describe the approach used for the individual level of health promotion and disease prevention
A
- health education
- changing individual’s thought processes, lifestyle, and behaviors
- narrower reach and more tailored than population level
5
Q
describe the approach used for the population level of health promotion and disease prevention
A
- public health
- government policy change, non-profits, large scale programs
- broader reach and less tailored than individual level
6
Q
does the US spend more money and time on preventing health problems or fixing them
A
- fixing them
- the US is great at treatment once a disease or injury has occurred, but little effort is put into prevention
7
Q
why is injury and disease prevention better than just fixing the problem after it occurs
A
prevention is more effective, cheaper, and less painful (physically, mentally, and emotionally)
8
Q
what is the economic benefit of STI/HIV prevention programs
A
each $1 spent saves $2.65 on medical (testing and treatment) and social (missing work, etc.) costs
9
Q
what is the economic benefit of pap tests
A
cost of 100 tests saves $6000 and 3.5 years of life
10
Q
what is the economic benefit of preconception care programs for women with diabetes
A
every $1 spent saves $1.86 by preventing birth defects
11
Q
define epidemiology
A
- the study of patterns of disease in a population
- tracking trends, identifying at risk populations
12
Q
define incidence
A
the number of new cases (usually counted as within the past week) of disease/injury
13
Q
define prevalence
A
the number of total cases of disease/injury
14
Q
define morbidity
A
incidence and prevalence of disease/injury
15
Q
define mortality
A
incidence and prevalence of death from disease/injury
16
Q
what was HIV originally called in the 1980s
A
- GRID
- gay related immunodeficiency
17
Q
what are the levels of prevention
A
- primary
- secondary
- tertiary
18
Q
define primary prevention
A
- true prevention
- reducing the exposure to a risk factor that may lead to the disease
- stopping the disease before it ever happens
19
Q
examples of primary prevention
A
- vaccines
- wearing a seatbelt
- regular physical activity
- handwashing
20
Q
define secondary prevention
A
- screening and medication adherence
- early detection and prompt treatment of disease
21
Q
examples of secondary prevention
A
- MRIs, covid tests, mammography
- prompt use of medications after a disease is diagnosed
- lifestyle behaviors to control chronic diseases that cannot be prevented (diabetes, asthma)
22
Q
define tertiary prevention
A
- treatment
- takes place once a disease has advanced
23
Q
examples of tertiary prevention
A
- alleviating pain and providing comfort to cancer patient
- halting progression of illness such as emphysema
- limiting disability after a serious injury such as a fall
24
Q
how many US women will be Hispanic by 2030
A
1 in 5 (20%)
25
how many US women will be Hispanic by 2050
1 in 4 (25%)
26
how many US women will be Asian by 2030
1 in 14 (7%)
27
how many US women will be over the age of 65 by 2030
1 in 4 (25%)
28
describe the difference between race and ethnicity
- race: biologically driven
- ethnicity: socially driven through culture/heritage
29
is the percent of US people who are white increasing or decreasing
decreasing
30
is the percent of US people who are Hispanic increasing or decreasing
increasing
31
is the percent of US people who are black increasing or decreasing
staying constant
32
is the percent of US people who are Asian increasing or decreasing
increasing
33
what is the percent growth of Hispanic people in the US from 1995 to 2030
70% increase
34
what is the percent growth of Asian people in the US from 1995 to 2030
50% increase
35
what is the fastest growing racial/ethnic population in the US
Hispanics (70% growth)
36
what percent of the US population is black
12-14%
37
what percent of the US population is native american
0.8%
38
describe how white people will be a majority minority by 2050
- white people will make up about 40% of the total US population by 2050
- majority because they are the most populous racial/ethnic group
- minority because they are less than 50% of the total population
39
what are effects of women delaying marriage and family to focus on their careers
- infertility increases with age
- will be parenting at an older age
40
when are women at peak fertility
early 20s
41
when does the chance of pregnancy start to dramatically decrease
age 35
42
what is the percent chance of pregnancy at age 40
5%
43
what are the effects of parenting at an older age
- difficult physically and mentally on the parent
- must be conscious of careful family planning
44
describe the trend of teenage mothers in Texas and in the US
- Texas: number of teenage pregnancies is falling
- US: highest teenage pregnancy rate of all developing nations, highest rates in southern states
45
what are the effects of being a teenage mother
- childbearing responsibilities
- difficulty staying in education
- grandparents may be raising children
46
which parent generally takes most of the childbearing respoinsibilities in a teenage pregnancy
mother
47
describe the trend of women deciding not to have children
- slowly increasing
- unheard of 100 years ago but becoming more common
48
why do many women decide to not have children
continue pursuing their career or other opportunities
49
what was the average age of US first time mothers in 1970 and 2014
- 1970: 22
- 2014: 26
- increase of 4 years
50
what has the increase in age been for first time mothers in the US across all races and ethnicities from 2000 to 2014
generally about 1.5 years
51
which race/ethnicity is the oldest before having their first child
- asian/pacific islander
- age 30
52
what race/ethnicity is the youngest before having their first child
- native american/alaska native
- age 23
53
describe the relationship between education level and age of becoming a mother
as education increases, women wait longer to have children
54
what is the median age for having a first child for women with a high school or less education, two year degree, bachelors degree, and masters degree
- high school or less: 24
- two year degree: 25
- bachelors degree: 28
- masters degree: 30
55
describe barriers to healthcare for lesbian women
- belief that routine gynecological care or contraception to protect from STIs is not needed (you can get STIs still from oral sex)
- homophobia from healthcare providers
56
what percent of disease burden worldwide are caused by the ten leading risk factors
40%
57
what is the #1 leading risk factor for disease
tobacco use
58
list three leading risk factors for disease
- tobacco use
- diet and exercise
- inhaling smoke from fires
59
what conditions can you get from inhaling smoke from fires
- COPD
- emphysema
60
which gender has a greater risk of inhaling smoke from fires in the home and why
- women
- women tend to spend more time in the home than men
61
how many deaths globally are related to childbirth
300,000
62
what percent of global childbirth deaths are in developing countries
99%
63
are infectious diseases a larger problem in developing or developed countries and why
- developing countries
- lack of hygiene, education, medications, and vaccines
64
list the 10 leading causes of death globally
- heart disease
- stroke
- COPD
- lower respiratory disease
- bronchial disease
- HIV/AIDS
- diarrheal disease
- diabetes
- road injury
- hypertensive disorders
65
list the 10 leading causes of death in the US
- heart disease
- cancer
- accidents
- lower respiratory disease
- stroke
- Alzheimer's disease
- diabetes
- flu and pneumonia
- kidney diseases
- suicide
66
describe similarities and differences between the 10 leading causes of death globally and in the US
- similarities: both #1 is heart disease
- differences: globally has HIV/AIDS and diarrheal disease, US has Alzheimer's disease
67
what is the only infectious disease in the 10 leading causes of death in the US
flu and pneumonia
68
what are the ages of adolescence
puberty to 17
69
when does puberty typically start for girls
- 12 to 13
- has been getting younger
- can start later- up to 20
70
describe the characteristics of adolescense
- secondary sex characteristics form
- girls begin menstruation
- sense of identity begins developing
- peer pressure
- risky behaviors
71
what are secondary sex characteristics in women
- characteristics that arise after puberty
- breast tissue, wider hips, public and underarm hair
72
what risky behaviors to adolescents engage in
- sexual relations
- substance use (alcohol, smoking)
- tattooing and piercing
73
list the top 6 causes of death for adolescent females
- unintentional injuries (car crash #1)
- cancer
- suicide
- birth defects
- heart disease
- homicide
74
what are the ages of young adulthood
20-44
75
describe the characteristics of young adulthood
- sense of self cements with increased independence
- risky behaviors
76
what risky behaviors do young adults engage in
- sexual activity
- substance abuse (increasing from adolescence)
- poor nutrition
- lack of exercise
77
list the top 5 causes of death for young adult women
- unintentional injuries
- cancer
- heart disease
- suicide
- homicide
78
what are the ages of middle adulthood
45-64
79
describe the characteristics of middle adulthood
- job advancement and establishment of productive career
- raising children
- caring for elderly parents
- working to keep healthy relationships
- menopause in women
80
what happens during menopause
the body drastically lowers production of estrogen
81
list the top 5 causes of death for women in midlife
- cancer
- heart disease
- unintentional injuries
- chronic lower respiratory disease
- diabetes
82
what are the ages of seniors
65+
83
describe the characteristics of senior years
- issues of retirement
- possible loss of spouse and friends
- depression
- chronic conditions
84
who has a higher life expectancy: men or women
women
85
list the top 5 causes of death for people 65-84
- cancer
- heart disease
- chronic lower respiratory diseases
- stroke
- Alzheimer's disease
86
list the top 5 causes of death for people 85+
- heart disease
- Alzheimer's disease
- cancer
- stroke
- chronic lower respiratory disease
