Module 3: Sexual Health Flashcards
(200 cards)
1
Q
define sexual health
A
a state of physical, emotional, mental, and social well-being related to sexuality
2
Q
list the perspectives on sexual health and sexuality
A
- culture and religion
- economic
- legal
- political
3
Q
describe sexual health from a cultural and religious persepctive
A
- marriage is universal theme in all cultures
- sexual health and sexuality is defined by cultural values
4
Q
list cultural values that define sexual health and sexuality
A
- normative sex roles
- acceptable types of sexual activity
- sexual restraint for females
- same-sex relationships
- contraception decision making
5
Q
describe sexual health from an economic perspective
A
- value of bride = virginity
- sexual aggression = power and economic dynamics
- commercial sex industry/sex work
6
Q
describe sexual health and sexuality from a legal perspective
A
- laws prohibiting certain types of sexual behavior/intimacy (cohabitation, sodomy)
- same-sex partners
- marriage, annulment, separation, divorce, child custody, child support
7
Q
describe sexual health and sexuality from a political persepctive
A
- sex education in schools
- abstinence-only until marriage programs
- comprehensive or abstinence-plus programs
8
Q
list the anatomical features of the breast
A
- pectoralis muscle
- stroma
- lobes of mammary glands
- lactiferous ducts
- lactiferous sinuses
9
Q
what is the purpose of the pectoralis muscle for the breast
A
where breast tissue anchors
10
Q
why is the pectoralis muscle in women less defined than in men
A
men have higher levels of testosterone which contributes to muscle development
11
Q
what are the components of the stroma in the breast
A
- suspensory ligaments
- adipose tissue
12
Q
what feature of the breast gives it the general shape and size
A
stroma (suspensory ligaments and adipose tissue)
13
Q
what is the function of suspensory ligaments in the breast
A
- anchors the breast tissue to the pectoralis muscle
- holds mammary tissue in place
- helps to give shape to the breast
14
Q
what is the function of the lobes of the mammary glands
A
produce milk
15
Q
what is the function of the lactiferous ducts
A
move milk from the lobes of the mammary glands to the lactiferous sinuses
16
Q
what is the function of the lactiferous sinuses
A
hold milk until it is ready to be expressed
17
Q
describe why milk can come out around the areola
A
- the lactiferous sinuses can get too full
- milk leaks out in any way it can
18
Q
what are the 3 times that nipples will vasocongest in women
A
- breastfeeding
- cold
- arousal
19
Q
where are breast implants placed and why
A
- under the pectoralis muscle
- so the implant stays in place and doesn’t migrate around the chest
20
Q
what is removed during a breast reduction
A
- adipose tissue
- skin
21
Q
what happens to the nipple during a breast reduction
A
the surgeon will shift the nipple up to keep it in a normal place when breast tissue is removed
22
Q
what is the main hormone that triggers milk production in the breasts
A
oxytocin
23
Q
describe when and why a male could lactate
A
- males have all of the breast structures, just underdeveloped
- estrogen and progesterone contribute to breast development
- a male with low testosterone levels would have a higher ratio of estrogen and progesterone which could develop breast tissue
- a male could then produce oxytocin that could invoke lactation
24
Q
define gynecomastia
A
male breast tissue
25
what is the general cause of gynecomastia
low testosterone
26
what are the two main causes of low testosterone (and therefore gynecomastia) in men
- aging
- anabolic steroids injections
27
describe how anabolic steroid use can lead to gynecomastia
- anabolic steroids have lots of testosterone
- testes will stop producing testosterone
- all testosterone from steroids will go to muscle growth
- estrogen and progesterone can overtake remaining testosterone and cause male breast tissue growth
28
what is the main purpose of bras
to distribute the weight of breasts across the shoulder and away from the back
29
describe why wearing a sports bra over long periods of time can be dangerous
- sports bras are compression garments
- they may compress the lymphatic system near the breast
- the lymph will get backed up and a cyst may grow
30
what are 3 ways to do a breast self exam
- in the shower
- in front of a mirror
- lying down
31
describe how to perform a breast self exam in the shower
- check the entire breast and armpit areas
- press down with light, medium, and firm pressure
- use three fingers with overlapping pressure
32
why is the shower a good place to do a breast self exam
the heat from the shower can help to relax breast tissue
33
describe how to perform a breast self exam in front of a mirror
- visually inspect the breasts with your arms at your sides
- then inspect the breasts with the arms raised overhead
34
describe how to perform a breast self exam lying down
- place a pillow under your shoulder and put your arm behind your head
- move the pads of your fingers around your breast gently covering the entire breast and armpit area
35
what position are clinical breast exams performed in
lying down
36
describe the area and direction you should be palpating on a breast self exam
- armpit to nipple
- nipple to armpit
37
what is the purpose of a breast self examination
check for your own normalcy to see if anything is changing
38
should you diagnose yourself with a breast self exam
no, only a physician should diagnose
39
should performing a breast self exam ever be painful
no
40
when should you perform a breast self exam
2 weeks after the start of your last period
41
list the anatomical features of the vulva
- mons veneris
- labia majora
- clitoral hood
- clitoris
- labia minora
- urethral orifice
- hymen
- vaginal orifice
42
what aspect of all vulvas will be the same
- all vulvas will look slightly different
- the general placement/arrangement of structures will be similar in all vulvas
43
what area of the female body has the most sweat glands per in
vulva
44
what does mons mean
mountain
45
what does veneris mean
venus/love
46
what does pubis mean
to become covered with hair
47
describe the mons veneris
- fat pad above the pelvic bone and above other vulvar structures
- covered with the majority of pubic hair
48
who is the term mons veneris and mons pubis used for
- mons veneris: women
- mons pubis: men and women
49
what is the function of the mons veneris
- protect the pubic bone
- limit friction with pubic hair
50
should you remove your pubic hair
- removal of pubic hair is an entirely personal choice
- is it not hygienic or unhygienic to remove or not remove pubic hair
51
what can happen if you remove your pubic hair by shaving
- ingrown hairs
- the pore grows over the blunt end of the hair, the hair begins to grow under the skin
52
how can you prevent ingrown hairs from shaving
- use a clean and sharp razor
- exfoliate before shaving
- use toner (witch hazel) after shaving
53
what does labia mean
lips
54
what does majora mean
large/major
55
what does minora mean
small/minor
56
describe the labia majora
- outermost lips of the vulva
- encircle the sensitive structures of the vulva
- is the first layer of protection for vulvar structures
57
describe the clitoral hood
- tissue covering the clitoris when unaroused
- protects the clitoris
- erectile tissue
58
what happens to the clitoral hood when aroused
- vasocongests (fills with blood)
- contracts to reveal the surface of the external clitoris
59
what is the most densely packed site of nerves in the female body
clitoris
60
what percent of women need clitoral stimulation to orgasm
70%
61
is the clitoris external or internal
- both
- small external surface
- wishbone shaped under the skin, extends down the vaginal canal
62
what is the function of the clitoris
pleasure
63
what type of tissue is the clitoris made of and what does this mean it can do
- erectile tissue
- vasocongests when aroused
64
what is the size of the external clitoris when unaroused and aroused
- unaroused: 1/2 inch
- aroused: 1-2 inches
65
what is the analogous structure to the clitoris in men
head/glands of the penis
66
describe the labia minora
- smaller inner lips
- provide extra protection for urethral and vaginal openings
- may extend beyond the labia majora in some women
67
describe the urethral orifice
- where urine exits the body
- opens to the urethra
68
describe why women are more likely to get UTIs than men
the urethral opening is in a moist, warm, and dark environment which is perfect for bacterial growth
69
describe why women are more likely to get bladder infections than men
- the female urethra is shorter than the male urethra
- bacteria have a shorter distance to travel to the bladder in females
70
what is the number one way to prevent UTIs
proper hygiene
71
list ways to prevent UTIs
- change your underwear often
- wear breathable underwear (cotton)
- wash the vulva with mild soap and water
- pee after sex, masturbation, or baths
- drink 100% cranberry juice everyday (or take supplement)
72
describe why peeing after sex or a bath can prevent UTIs
the acidic urine can flush out bacteria and kill bacteria
73
describe why taking cranberry supplements may not be a good way to prevent UTIs
- you must take them everyday for it to be effective
- supplements are not regulated by the FDA so it may not be good quality
74
where is the hymen located
- just inside the labia minora, around the vaginal opening
- is considered external anatomy because it can be visualized without an internal exam
75
what is the function of the hymen
it has no function
76
what are the 2 species that have hymens
- humans
- horses
77
describe the vaginal orifice
- opening to the vagina
- where menstrual blood/tissue passes through and a penis may enter
78
what is another name for the vagina
birth canal
79
how long is the vagina when unaroused and aroused
- unaroused: 3-4 inches
- aroused: 7-8 inches
80
describe the anatomy of the vagina
- muscular
- hollow
- elastic (able to stretch)
81
describe how the vagina can double in length during arousal
suspensory ligaments attached to the top of the uterus can contract which elongates the vagina
82
is the G spot real
yes
83
where is the G spot located
- 2 inches in from the vaginal opening
- anterior surface of the vagina
84
what is the official name of the G spot
grafenberg spot
85
describe the structure of the G spot
- densely packed nerves for sexual stimulation
- has a different texture than the rest of the vagina (thicker and less flexible)
86
are the perineum and anus part of the vulva
- no
- they are not reproductive anatomy
87
describe the perineum
- band of tissue that extends from the bottom of the vulva to the anus
- 1-2 inches long
88
what structure may tear during childbirth
perineum
89
will the hymen regenerate after it is ruptured
no
90
describe how the hymen can be ruptured
- during first penetrative sex
- any way that puts strain on the tissue
- surgically
- some women are born without a hymen
91
list the 5 types of hymens
- annular
- cribriform
- septate
- imperforate
- parous introitus
92
describe the annular hymen
- circle/ring of tissue surrounding the circumference of the vaginal opening
- the size of the opening in the hymen varies between women
93
can you still use a tampon with an annular hymen
possibly, depending on the size of the circular opening
94
what is the most common type of hymen women are born with
annular
95
describe the cribriform hymen
- multiple small perforations in the surface of the hymen
- still allows for the passage of period blood
96
what does cribri mean
sieve
97
can you still use a tampon with a cribriform hymen
depending on the size and number of holes, inserting a tampon may rupture the hymen
98
describe the septate hymen
- tissue dividing the vaginal opening
- two holes with a band of hymen tissue between
- not always even across the vaginal opening
99
describe the imperforate hymen
hymen completely covers the vaginal opening
100
which type of hymen is very rare, what percent of women have this type of hymen
- imperforate
- 1-2%
101
describe why having an imperforate hymen is problomatic
- nothing can exit the vagina (period blood)
- dead tissue will back up in the vagina causing infection or septic shock
102
what must happen if someone has an imperforate hymen
must be ruptured by a clinician so tissue can pass through the vaginal opening
103
describe the symptoms of infection
- rebore: redness
- tumore: swelling
- dulore: pain
- calore: heat
104
what does parous mean
to bring forth
105
describe the parous introitous hymen
- occurs after vaginal birth
- vaginal opening is completely exposed
- ruptures the entire hymen
106
define female genital mutilation
the cultural practice of partially or totally removing external female genitalia
107
describe the two forms of female genital mutilation
- minor form: clitoris is removed
- severe form: all external genitalia is removed, vaginal opening is stitched nearly closed
108
define infibulation
stitching the vaginal opening nearly closed
109
why is infibulation done
sexual pleasure of the male partner
110
why is circumcision not considered male genital mutilation
- circumcision has some clinical benefits of preventing infection
- female genital mutilation has no benefit
111
where is female genital mutilation often performed
- central Africa
- Middle East
112
what country has the highest rate of female genital mutilation
somolia
113
what perfect of girls in somolia have has some form of female genital mutilation
90%
114
how young is female genital mutilation performed
as young as 4 years old
115
do any religious texts mention female genital mutilation
no, some mention circumcision
116
why is female genital mutilation done
- superstitions
- social, economic, and political reasons
- some believe it will empower daughters, limit sexual activity, and stop sexual desire
117
how many women worldwide in 2024 have some form of female genital mutilation
200 million women
118
what are the gynecological and obstetric complications of female genital mutilation
- infection: not done in hospitals or with sterile equipment, anesthesia, or stitching
- stillbirth or maternal mortality: vaginal opening can't stretch with an infibulation so the baby's head may get stuck in the birth canal
- fistula between vaginal canal and bladder or colon
119
how big is an ovary
size of an almond
120
what are the 2 major functions of ovaries
- secrete estrogen and progesterone
- ovulate: create, hold, and release ovum
121
what do female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone) do
- development of secondary sex characteristic
- regulate menstrual cycle and pregnancy
122
do women continuously make eggs throughout their life
- no
- a women is born with all the eggs she will ever have
123
how many eggs are women born with
millions
124
how many eggs are start to develop per month/cycle
1000
125
what happens to the eggs released that are not viable for fertilization
- they do not leave the ovary
- they are reabsorbed by the body
126
how many fully formed and viable eggs are released each month/cycle
- usually 1
- sometimes multiple can be, potentially resulting in fraternal siblings
127
describe how an egg matures and is released from an ovary
- egg matures inside a fluid filled pouch called a cyst
- the cyst ruptures and releases the egg into the pelvic region
128
define follicular attrition
eggs that do not fully develop during the menstrual cycle are reabsorbed by the body
129
are the ovaries and fallopian tubes connected
no
130
describe fimbriae
- fingerlike projections at the end of fallopian tubes
- sweeps around the ovaries to capture any released eggs
131
what is the site of fertilization
fallopian tubes
132
what is the diameter of a fallopian tube
spaghetti noodle
133
what is the purpose of cilia in the fallopian tubes
help move the egg towards the uterus
134
what can block fallopian tubes
- endometriosis
- scar tissue
135
what happens if fertilization occurs when a fallopian tube is blocked
- the egg gets stuck in the fallopian tube but sperm can still get past and fertilize the egg
- an ectopic pregnancy can occur in the fallopian tube
136
what happens if an ectopic pregnancy implants in the fallopian tube
- fallopian tube is not meant to expand so it may rupture
- increased heart rate, low blood pressure
137
describe the size and shape of the uterus
- size of a loose fist
- shape of an inverted pear
138
describe the fundus of the uterus
- top portion of uterus
- widest portion of uterus
- where fallopian tubes connect to uterus
139
what are the 3 layers of the uterus
- perimetrium
- myometrium
- endometrium
140
describe the perimetrium
- outermost surface
- in contact with other structures in the pelvic cavity
141
describe the myometrium
- middle layer
- long smooth muscle fibers
- contracts during period or labor
142
where do contractions in the uterus start during labor and why
- start at the top of the uterus
- contractions at the top of the uterus draw up the uterus and force the fetus down
143
describe the endometrium
- innermost layer
- grown and shed during the menstrual cycle
- where an embryo will implant
- makes a portion of the placenta
144
what makes the placenta
- endometrium
- embryo
145
where is the cervix located
bottom of uterus
146
define cervical os
opening to the cervix
147
what is the general purpose of the cervix
- stays tightly closed to prevent things from entering the uterus
- dilates when necessary
148
what are the 3 conditions where the cervix will dilate
- period
- labor
- orgasm
149
describe how male orgasm dilates the cervix
prostaglandins in semen stimulate the cervix to dilate
150
what is the normal texture of the cervix
nose cartilage
151
describe what it means if the cervix is unusually firm or unusually soft
- firm: cervical cancer
- soft: infection
152
describe the vagina
- hollow tube-shaped muscle
- connects the uterus to the outside of the body
- also called the birth canal
153
how long is the vagina unaroused and aroused
- unaroused: 3-4 inches
- aroused: 7-8 inches
154
describe how the vagina elongates during arousal
suspensory ligaments in the uterus contract to elevate the uterus which also elongates the vagina
155
define menarche
first period
156
what is the average age for onset of menarche
12 (can range from 8-16)
157
does the onset of menarche happen right at the beginning of puberty
no, the onset of puberty usually happens first and then the onset of menarche follows later
158
how long are eggs viable for once ovulated
24 hours
159
describe the ovarian cycle of the menstrual cycle
- follicular phase: low estrogen at the end of menses, hypothalamus secretes FSH, egg grows
- ovulation: LH stimulates ovulation
- luteal phase: estrogen drops, progesterone rises as the egg releases its own progesterone, if the egg is not fertilized it is reabsorbed
- menses begins
160
describe the uterine cycle of the menstrual cycle
- proliferative phase: influenced by estrogen, thickness of endometrium rapidly increases
- secretory phase: influenced by progesterone, lining becomes highly vascular and edematous
161
list 4 common menstrual problems
- dysmenorrhea
- premenstrual syndrome
- premenstrual dysphoric disorder
- amenorrhea
162
define dysmenorrhea
painful period
163
what is the #1 reason middle school girls miss school
dysmennorhea
164
what percent of women experience some premenstrual syndrome symptoms
80%
165
when does premenstrual syndrome occur
before menstrual phase (period)
166
why does premenstrual syndrome occur
estrogen and progesterone fall rapidly before period
167
what is estrogen related to that makes it a contributor to premenstrual syndrome
emotions
168
what are the 3 types of premenstrual syndrome
- PMSA: emotional/anxiety
- PMSB: bloating
- PMSC: carbohydrate craving
169
what are treatment options for the 3 types of premenstrual syndrome
- PMSA: SSRIs
- PMSB: drink more water, eat less salt
- PMSC: treat your self
170
what is a general treatment for premenstrual syndrome and why
- birth control
- supplements hormones so there is less of a rollercoaster of hormones throughout the cycle
171
describe premenstrual dysphoric disorder
- more intense PMS
- clinical diagnosis
- symptoms interfere with daily activities
172
what percent of women have premenstrual dysphoric disorder
8%
173
what is the treatment for premenstrual dysphoric disorder
birth control
174
describe amenorrhea
having no period
175
what are the causes of amenorrhea
- birth control
- pregnancy
- low body fat percentage
- stress
- sudden weight loss/gain
176
what are the 3 parts of a well woman exam
1. visual exam
2. clinical breast exam
3. pap smear, bimanual exam
177
why do they make you scoot to the end of the exam table during a pap smear
- makes the pelvis tilt
- gives a better angle for visualization of the cervix and insertion of pap smear equipment
178
what are clinicians looking for during the visual exam portion of a well woman exam
external organ normalcy
179
is a clinical breast exam during a well woman exam a screening or a diagnostic tool
screening
180
what causes cervical cancer
HPV
181
describe what happens during a pap smear
- speculum is inserted into the vaginal canal, clicks into place to stay open
- clinician visualizes the vaginal walls and the cervix
- a brush is inserted to collect cervical cells (outside of cervix and cervical os)
- the brush is then inserted into a saline solution and swirled around
- the cells in the saline solution are examined for cervical dysplasia
182
what may a woman who just had a pap smear experience
cramping
183
when should you get your first pap smear
- 21 if sexually active
- 25 is not sexually active
184
describe a bimanual exam
- two fingers of one hand are inserted into the vagina, the other hand is placed over the pelvic bone externally
- palpation based exam
- checks for internal organ normalcy
- ideally, you shouldn't be able to feel much
185
who created the sexual response cycle
masters and johnson
186
describe what aspects of the sexual response cycle are always the same and which can differ
- same: steps, order
- differ: intensity, duration
187
define refractory period
the time after orgasm for the body to remake the ejaculate (semen) in men
188
describe why women do not have a refractory period after orgasm
no ejaculate needs to be remade
189
describe why arousal takes longer for women than for men
- 70% of women need clitoral stimulation (penetration stimulates males but not females)
- many structures need time to vasocongest
190
what happens to the time of resolution when there is no orgasm and why
- resolution takes longer
- no sudden release of hormones to dissipate arousal symptoms
191
what are the steps of the sexual response cycle
- excitement
- plateau
- orgasm
- resolution
192
what are the physical aspects of the excitement stage of the sexual response cycle
- vaginal lubrication begins within 10-15 seconds of stimulation
- labia majora and minora darken as they vasocongest
- clitoris engorged with blood and increases in size and length
- uterus and cervix pull away from the vagina via suspensory ligaments
- breasts swell and nipples become erect
- sex flush may occur
193
where does sex flush start
chest
194
what are the physical aspects of the plateau stage of the sexual response cycle
- vagina continues to expand as suspensory ligaments elevate uterus unto the abdomen
- secretions occur from the Bartholin's glands
- breasts continue to enlarge
- sex flush may continue and spread
195
describe Bartholin's glands
- located within the vagina
- secrete a slippery, thin, and slightly opaque lubrication
196
what are the physical aspects of the orgasm stage of the sexual response cycle
- rhythmic uterine contractions of the uterine walls (3-15)
- respiration and heart rate increase
- blood pressure increases
- involuntary muscle spasms in the back, hands, feet, etc.
- vasocongestion an myotonia (muscle tension) release
- phenylethylamine (PEA) and oxytocin are released
197
which uterine contractions during orgasm are the most intense
the first 3-6
198
what is the purpose of uterine contractions during orgasm
propel semen further into the uterus and fallopian tubes
199
what do the chemicals released during orgasm do
- phenylethylamine (PEA) and oxytocin
- feel good chemicals
200
what are the physical aspects of the resolution stage of the sexual response cycle
- vasocongestion and myotonia dissipate rapidly
- uterus returns to unaroused state as suspensory ligaments relax
- labia majora and minora return to their normal size and shape
- swelling of breasts disappears
