Module 2: History of Science, Technology, and Society Flashcards
“longest period in the history of men”
Key Ideas:
- first civilizations emerged independently along the river valleys of Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, and India
- people developed s&t as implements in their search for food & other survival needs
- use of stone tools
pre-historic period
- consisted of hunter-gatherer civilizations that utilized primitive stone tools
- H. erectus utilized and controlled fire (generated through percussion method) used to produce heat for warmth and for cooking
- evidence of clothing, painting, sculptures and carvings/engraving
Paleolithic age
- transitional period that gave way to rise of shifting-farming civilizations
- usage of microliths, small stone tools made of flint used as spearheads & arrowheads
- evidences of construction such as that of Stonehenge in England
Mesolithic age
- the first agricultural revolution, making way for agricultural-mining civilizations
- development of metalworking
- invention of the wheel
Neolithic age
- characterized by the use of copper & tins as chief materials in the production of weapons & utensils
- wheel was used as implement for transportation mechanics
Bronze age
characterized by the widespread use of iron and steel w/c was used and modified for use such as in religious practices, agricultural usage, artistic tools, and weapons and armors
Iron age
- s&t during this period have diverted from being solely for survival needs but also to satisfy curiosity
- during this period, knowledge became increasingly available due to the creation of proper writing systems & record keeping
Ancient Period
set of word pictures depicted in symbols made of triangular marks
cuneiform
- invented the world’s first writing system called cuneiform
- standardized measuring following the sexagesimal (60 as base) system of counting
Sumerian Civilization
the first crude & early version of paper was from the plant ______
papyrus
- developed the first crude & early version of paper
- writing was in the form of pictorial symbols known as hieroglyphics
- pyramids of giza was built during the golden age
egyptian civilization
- Emperor Hadrian designed the Pantheon
During the reign of Vespasian:
- the Colosseum was built for gladiatorial contests
- a public urinary system called “Vespasiano” was implemented
roman civilization
- Muhammad founded the religion Islam
- They were the first to use glass lens for magnification
Arabic/Islamic Civilization
- acupuncture was used to treat illnesses
- royal astronomer Chang Heng invented the earthquake weathercock (w/c is now the modern-day seismograph)
- Cai Lun invented the paper & the paper-making process, together w/ gun powder, printing, and compass
Chinese Civilization
Hanging gardens was built
Babylonian Civilization
ancient region bordering Tigris & Euphrates River, w/c once served as the center of commerce & religion in the valley
Babylonia
Minoan’s script system is called the _____
Linear A
father of philosophy
- said that nature was composed of or convertible to water
Thales of Miletus
argued that matter was composed of countless tiny particles
Anaxagoras
stated that nature was a mixture of earth, fire, air, and water
Empedocles
father of Greek Medicine; was the first to regard medicine as science apart from religion
Hippocrates
made the first steps for the advancement of anatomy
Galen
regarded as the father of many sciences; pioneered and discovered information on variety of structure and behavior of animals and plants
Aristotle
performed experiments w/c led to the discovery of the laws of lever and pulleys that resulted in the invention of machines
Archimedes
