Module 2 - Introduction to Animal Diversity Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
What are some characteristics of animals?
A
Heterotrophic, multicellular, nervous and digestive system, spine and/or skeletal structure, no cell wall, able to (mostly) sexually reproduce, able to move, extracellular matrix, related at a molecular level
2
Q
When did animal life appear around?
A
More than 600 mya
3
Q
Describe the Cambrian Explosion
A
Occurred 530 mya, appearance of many animal phyla, many phyla no longer exist, larger animals and first vertebrates, movement onto land
4
Q
What are the five grades of organization?
A
Protoplasmic (organelles), cellular, tissue, organs, and organ systems
5
Q
What are the types of body symmetry?
A
Asymmetric, radial, and bilateral
6
Q
Asymmetric Body Symmetry
A
No symmetry
7
Q
Radial Body Symmetry
A
Multiple axis of symmetry
8
Q
Bilateral Body Symmetry
A
One axis of symmetry, includes cephalization
9
Q
What kind of animals have an asymmetry symmetry?
A
Sponges
10
Q
What kind of animals have a radial symmetry?
A
Cnidaria (jellyfish)
11
Q
What kind of animals have bilateral symmetry?
A
Crabs, mammals, most animals
12
Q
What is another kind of symmetry (other than asymmetry, radial, and bilateral) that is not present in animals?
A
Spherical
13
Q
What are germ layers?
A
Embryonic cell layers during gastrulation
14
Q
What is ectoderm and what does it form?
A
The outer layer; forms skin and nervous system
15
Q
What is mesoderm and what does it form?
A
The middle layer; forms muscles, blood, and other organs
16
Q
What is endoderm and what does it form?
A
The inner layer; forms the lining of the digestive tract
17
Q
What do you call an animal with two germ layers?
A
Diploblastic
18
Q
Diploblastic - what layer do they not have?
A
Two germ layers, no mesoderm
19
Q
What symmetry do diploblastic animals have?
A
Radial
20
Q
What do you call an animals with three germ layers?
A
Triploblastic
21
Q
What symmetry do triploblastic animals have?
A
Bilateral
22
Q
Blastopore
A
A small opening in the embryo during gastrulation
23
Q
What does the blastopore become in protosomes?
A
The mouth
24
Q
What does the blastopore become in deuterostomes?
A
The anus
25
What is a body cavity?
Internal space where an animal keeps its organs
26
Coelom
Fluid-filled body cavity
27
What are the three types of coeloms?
Coelomates, pseudocoelomates, and acoelomates
28
Coelomates
Animals with a true coelom or their body cavity is lined with mesoderm (earthworms)
29
Pseudocoelomates
Animals with a coelom that isn't lined with mesoderm (nematodes)
30
Acoelomates
Animals without a coelom, instead they have a cavity filled with mesoderm (flatworms)
31
Segmentation
Repetition of similar body segments
32
What are the major animal phyla?
Ctenophora, porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, rotifera, bryozoa, brachiopoda, mollusca, annelida, nematoda, arthropoda, echinodermata, and chordata
33
What are the closest living relatives to animals?
Choanoflagellates
34
Invertebrates vs. Vertebrates
Invertebrates have no backbone (90% of all animals) vs. Vertebrates have a backbone
35
What's included in a vertebrate?
Vertebral column, a cranium, an endoskeleton of cartilage or bone = main 3. They also have a neural crest and a diversity of organs
36
Porifera - Basic characteristics
No germ layers (neither diploblastic or triploblastic), asymmetric, cellular level of organization, no nervous system
37
Porifera - Choanocytes
Flagellated cells that filter food through water
38
Porifera - Amoebocytes
Interior of the sponge that aids in digestion, secretes spicules, and reproduction
39
Porifera - Pinacocytes
Outer layer of a sponge that maintains structure and size
40
Porifera - Spicules
Rigid structures providing protection and support
41
Porifera - Spongin
Structural support
42
Porifera - Describe the process in which a sponge circulates water
The water is drawn into pores called ostia, then through the spongocoel (internal cavity), and then flows out the osculum
43
Porifera - Which stage of porifera is sessile and which is motile?
Adults are sessile; Larvae are motile using cilia
44
Cnidaria - Basic characteristics
Diploblastic, radial symmetry, tissue level of organization, incomplete gut, two body forms (polyp and medusa)
45
Cnidaria - Difference between polyp and medusa
Polyp are sessile; mouth opens dorsally
Medusa are motile; mouth opens vertically
46
Cnidaria - What are the three classes of cnidaria?
Hydrozoa, scyphozoa, and anthozoa
47
Cnidaria - What are hydrozoa and is the polyp or medusa stage dominant?
Hydra, fire corals; poly stage is dominant
48
Cnidaria - What are scyphozoa and is the polyp or medusa stage dominant?
True jellyfish; medusa stage is dominant
49
Cnidaria - What are anthozoa and is the polyp or medusa stage dominant?
Corals, sea anemones; only polyps
50
Cnidaria - nematocysts, cnidocil, and cnidocyte
Nematocysts = cell specialized in stinging within the cnidocyte
Cnidocil = hair-like trigger of the cnidocyte
Cnidocyte = specialized cell for stinging
51
Cnidaria - Planula
Free swimming larvae
52
Cnidaria - Epidermis and gastrodermis
Epidermis = ectoderm; outer layer that contains cnidocytes
Gastrodermis = endoderm; inner cell lining of gastrovascular cavity
53
Cnidaria - Mesoglea
Noncellular, gelatin layer
54
Is lophotrochozoa a phylum?
NO, it is a super group that includes phyla
55
Are lophotrochozoans protostomes or deuterostomes?
Protostomes
56
Which phyla are included in lophotrochozoa?
Platyhelminthes, rotifers, bryozoans, brachiopods, mollusks, and annelids
57
Lophophore
A crown of tentacles surrounding the mouth (bryozoans and brachiopods)
58
Trochophore
A distinct swimming larval stage with ciliated crown in front of mouth (mollusks and annelids)
59
Platyhelminthes (flatworms) - Basic characteristics
Triploblastic, acoelomate, organ level of organization, incomplete gut with pharynx, cephalization, free-living, many parasitic
60
Rotifer - Basic characteristics
Pseudocoelom, a ciliated crown aka corona
61
Bryozoa - Basic characteristics
Lophophore, small colonial animals, look like plants
62
Brachiopods - Basic characteristics
Lophophore, marine environments, two shell halves
63
Mollusca - Basic characteristics
Triploblastic, coelom that surrounds the heart, complete gut, organ system level of organization, soft bodies
64
Mollusca - Radula
tongue-like organ used for foraging
65
Mollusca - 3 Part Body Plan
Muscular head-foot, visceral mass, and mantle
66
Annelida (segmented worms) - Basic characteristics
Triploblastic, coelom, complete gut, clear segments
67
Annelid - Setae
For movement
68
What phyla are included in ecdysozoa?
Nematodes and arthropods
69
Ecdysozoa - Cuticle
Serves as an exoskeleton that cannot grow and therefore must be shed
70
Nematoda (roundworms) - Basic characteristics
Triploblastic, pseudocoelom, complete gut, longitudinal muscles
71
Arthropoda (spiders, millipedes, crustaceans, insects) - Basic characteristics
Triploblastic, coelom, complete gut, cuticle is a hard exoskeleton, lots of segmentation, segments may be fused into tagmata, jointed appendages
72
Arthropoda - Tagmata
Specific segments of arthropods (head, thorax, and abdomen)
73
Arthropoda - What animals are included in Chelicerata? How many tagmata and pairs of appendages do they have?
Spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks
1-2 tagmata = cephalothorax and abdomen
Six pairs of appendages
74
Arthropoda - What animals are included in Myriapoda? How many tagmata do they have and what is a characteristic that they are known for?
Millipedes and centipedes
2 tagmata = head and trunk
Multiple pairs of legs
75
Arthropoda - What animals are included in Crustacea? How many tagmata do they have?
Crabs, lobsters, shrimp
2-3 tagmata = cephalothorax is a carapace
76
Arthropoda - What animals are included in Hexapoda? How many tagmata and pairs of legs do they have?
Insects
3 tagmata = head, thorax, and abdomen
3 pairs of legs
77
Arthropoda - Uniramous vs. Biramous appendages
Uniramous: unbranched appendages
Biramous: branched appendages
78
Arthropoda - Which class(es) have uniramous appendages?
Chelicerata, myriapoda, and hexapoda
79
Arthropoda - Which class(es) have biramous appendages?
Crusacea
80
Arthropoda - What adaptations do hexapoda (insects) have for land?
Wings, waxy cuticle, and cleidoic eggs
81
Deuterostomia - What phyla include deuterostome animals?
Echinodermata and chordata
82
Echinodermata (sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers) - Basic characteristics
Radial symmetry in adults, invertebrate, deuterostomes, endoskeleton, water vascular system, no brain, true coelom
83
Chordata - What are the four critical innovations of a Chordata's body plan?
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and postanal tail
84
Chordata - Notochord
Single flexible rod that lies between the digestive tract and nerve cord
85
Chordata - Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Hollow tubes that develop into the brain and spinal cord for vertebrates
86
Chordata - Pharyngeal Slits
Used for filter feeding and gas exchange
87
Chordata - Postanal Tail
Tail that extends posterior to the anal opening that's used for locomotion
88
Chordata - Which chordata are invertebrates?
Cephalochordates (lancelets) and Tunicates (sea quirts or Urochordates)
89
Chordata - What are the key innovations of vertebrates?
Jaws, bony or cartilage skeleton, amniotes, and producing milk
90
Chordata - Cyclostomata (hagfish and lampreys)
Jawless fish
91
Chordata - Gnathostomes
Jawed vertebrates - jaws that evolved from cartiaginous gill arches and enable the capturing of prey
92
Chordata - Chondrichthyans (fishes - sharks, skates, and rays)
Cartilaginous skeleton instead of bone; Adaptations for swimming - muscular tail, fins, streamlined body, and buoyancy regulation
93
Chordata - Osteichthyans (ray finned and lobe finned fishes)
Thin flexible ray fins or muscular lobe fins, lungs modified into swim bladders (buoyancy)
94
Chordata - Tetrapods (amphibians, reptiles/birds, mammals)
Four limbs for locomotion, airbreathing
95
Chordata - Amphibians
Can live on land but need to live near water (skin), thin and moist skin, metamorphosis, three-chambered heart, buccal pumping
96
Chordata - Amniotes (tetrapods with a desiccation-resistant egg - reptiles/birds and mammals)
Have amniotic eggs which have a developing embryo and four separate extraembryonic membranes which produce: amnion, yolk sac, allantois, and chorion
97
Chordata - Amnion
Amniote eggs - Protects the developing embryo in a fluid-filled sac
98
Chordata - Yolk sac
Amniote eggs - Holds nutrients
99
Chordata - Allantois
Amniote eggs - Disposal sac for metabolic wastes
100
Chordata - Chorion
Amniote eggs - Gas exchange
101
Chordata - Reptiles (turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, birds)
Amniotes, thick and dry skin with scales from keratin that is often shredded
102
Chordata - Mammals
Amniotes that produce milk
103
Chordata - Four characteristics that distinguish mammals
Mammary glands, hair, specialized teeth, and enlarged skull
