Module 3 - Continuity of Animal Life

Question 1

What are the steps of animal development?

Answer 1

Gamete Formation, Fertilization, Cleavage of Zygote, Gastrulation, Organogenesis, and Growth, Metamorphosis, & adult body plan

Question 2

What is cleavage?

Answer 2

a process where the zygote undergoes rapid mitotic cell divisions after fertilizations

Question 3

Cleavage - During cleavage, do the cell grow?

Answer 3

No, there is no cell growth, they only get smaller

Question 4

Cleavage - What are the smaller cells created during cleavage called?

Answer 4

Blastomeres

Question 5

Cleavage - What is a blastula?

Answer 5

A hollow sphere of liquid created when cleavage is complete

Question 6

Cleavage - What are the two halves of a blastula?

Answer 6

Animal Pole and Vegetal Pole

Question 7

Cleavage - What are the types of cleavage?

Answer 7

Holoblastic, meroblastic, radial, and spiral

Question 8

Cleavage - What is holoblastic cleavage?

Answer 8

Complete cleavage - cleavage completely divides cytoplasm at every division

Question 9

Cleavage - Holoblastic - How much yolk is in a isolecithal cleavage?

Answer 9

Egg has very little yolk

Question 10

Cleavage - Holoblastic - How much yolk is in a mesolecithal cleavage?

Answer 10

Egg has a small amount of yolk at a pole (vegetal)

Question 11

Cleavage - What is meroblastic cleavage?

Answer 11

Incomplete cleavage - cleavage does not completely divide cytoplasm of egg

Question 12

Cleavage - Meroblastic - What is telolecithal cleavage?

Answer 12

Lots of dense yolk is in the egg and concentrated on the vegetal side

Question 13

Cleavage - What is radial cleavage?

Answer 13

Cleavage planes parallel (or perpendicular) to vertical axis to egg

Question 14

Cleavage - Does radial cleavage occur in protostomes, deuterostomes, or both?

Answer 14

Deuterostomes

Question 15

Cleavage - What is spiral cleavage?

Answer 15

Breaks symmetry during division

Question 16

Cleavage - Does spiral cleavage occur in protostomes, deuterostomes, or both?

Answer 16

Mainly protostomes

Question 17

What is gastrulation?

Answer 17

the formation of the germ layers and gut

Question 18

Gastrulation - What is an archenteron?

Answer 18

An incomplete, two-way gut

Question 19

Gastrulation - What are the three germ layers?

Answer 19

Ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm

Question 20

Gastrulation - What is the layer that only exists in triploblastic organisms?

Answer 20

Mesoderm

Question 21

Gastrulation - Do diploblasts undergo gastrulation?

Answer 21

Yes

Question 22

Germ layers - What does the ectoderm form?

Answer 22

outer epidermis, brain and nervous system

Question 23

Germ layers - What does the endoderm form?

Answer 23

liver, lungs, pharynx, epithelium gut tube, epithelium respiratory tube

Question 24

Germ layers - What does the mesoderm form?

Answer 24

blood, heart, kidneys, gonads, bones, muscles, connective tissue, notochord

Question 25

Germ layers - What do germ cells form?

Answer 25

They are set aside early in embryo (sperm and eggs)

Question 26

What is the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?

Answer 26

DNA --> RNA --> Protein

Question 27

Evo-Devo - What is evolutionary developmental biology?

Answer 27

a new field biology that compares the development between organism to understand relationships of organisms and mechanisms that create evolutionary change

Question 28

Evo-Devo - What is pattern formation? Give examples.

Answer 28

Process that results in a plant or animal with a particular structure - segmentation, affects the shape of a bird's beak, the length of a giraffe's neck, size of a plant's flower

Question 29

Evo-Devo - What are segmentation genes?

Answer 29

Genes that control the number and orientation of segments in organisms like drosophila

Question 30

Evo-Devo - What are gap genes?

Answer 30

Segmentation genes that activate first and divide the embryo into regions (head, thorax, and abdomen)

Question 31

Evo-Devo - What are hox genes?

Answer 31

Homeotic genes that determine the fate of a particular segment or region of an organisms body

Question 32

Evo-Devo - How many organisms have hox genes?

Answer 32

Nearly every animal (even sponges)

Question 33

Evo-Devo - How are hox genes spread across chromosomes?

Answer 33

In clusters, lie close to one another

Question 34

Evo-Devo - If an organism has more hox genes, are they more simple or complex?

Answer 34

Complex

Question 35

Evo-Devo - What are homeotic mutations? How do they affect an organism?

Answer 35

Mutations that occur with homeotic genes (hox genes). This causes a body part of an organism to be transformed into another (an antennae becomes a leg)

Question 36

Evo-Devo - What is heterochrony?

Answer 36

Differences among species in the rate or timing of developmental events (for example, the difference in the growth rate of human skulls vs. chimpanzee skulls)

Question 37

Reproduction - What is the difference between meiosis and mitosis?

Answer 37

Meiosis - division of germ cells; mitosis - division of somatic cells

Question 38

Reproduction - What are germ cells?

Answer 38

cells that form gametes

Question 39

Reproduction - What are somatic cells?

Answer 39

Non-reproductive cells

Question 40

Reproduction - What is gameotogenesis?

Answer 40

Process where mature gametes are produced

Question 41

Reproduction - What are the two types of gametogensis and what is produced?