MODULE 2: LITERARY APPROACHES

Question 1

the sources of meaning (three answers)

Answer 1

text, reader, author

Question 2

system for understanding how an aspect of the world works, can be used to explain past phenomena and predict future behavior

Answer 2

Theory [Science]

Question 3

Intellectual model that seek to answer a number of fundamental interpretive questions

Answer 3

Literary Theory

Question 4

lead to problem solving, governed by general laws and rules, predict and rely on objective fact

Answer 4

hardcore theories

Question 5

maps ideas but necessarily govern by laws but metaphors and images

Answer 5

softcore theories

Question 6

separating literature from external conditions, wanting to produce a “science of literature”, making the familiar unfamiliar

Answer 6

FORMALISM

Question 7

what century is formalism?

Answer 7

20th century

Question 8

what school made formalism?

Answer 8

MOSCOW LINGUISTIC CIRCLE [1915]

Question 9

what does OPOJAZ stand for?

Answer 9

SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF POETIC LANGUAGE

Question 10

who led OPOJAZ?

Answer 10

Viktor Shklovsky

Question 11

Literature should be approached by means of scientific and objective methodology
FORM, TECHNIQUE & LITERARY DEVICES

Answer 11

Science of Literature

Question 12

aesthetic appeal; no correlation of reader, author, a history; separate LIT. & external correlation, coined by Viktor Shklovksy

Answer 12

Defamiliarization

Question 13

translates to “estrangement” or making strange

Answer 13

Ostranenie

Question 14

Understanding literature through close reading
Asserting that each text has a unique texture
Emphasizing that what and how are inseparable, SURFACE READING INSUFFICIENT; explore every sanctum by noting the presence and patterns of literary devices

Answer 14

NEW CRITICISM

Question 15

when was NEW CRITICISM formed?

Answer 15

Anglo-American 1970, post WWI

Question 16

who coined “The New Criticism”?

Answer 16

John Crowe Ransom

Question 17

author’s intention affect the interpretation of the text

Answer 17

intentional fallacy

Question 18

taking into consideration the emotional and psychological reactions

Answer 18

affective fallacy

Question 19

To New Critics, a special kind of discourse and means of communicating feeling and thought that couldn’t be expressed in any other kind of language

Answer 19

Poetry

Question 20

Meaning is unreliable as the language that communicates meaning itself is unreliable
Impossible to determine fixed underlying meaning in a text
All texts are open to multiple interpretations

Answer 20

Deconstructionism

Question 21

who headed deconstructionism?

Answer 21

Jacques Derrida [1960]

Question 22

INFINITE SERIES IN THE CHAIN OF SIGNIFICATION

Answer 22

Différance

Question 23

words only gain significance in contrast to what they’re not e.g. light carries meaning because it is not dark.

Answer 23

difference

Question 24

moving along a chain of signifiers w/o arriving at a final & absolute meaning; meaning is an eternally unfolding process

Answer 24

deferral

Question 25

is not self-contained but rational and dynamic

Answer 25

Identity

Question 26

meaning is accessible in the now is challenged; meaning is never truly present and perpetually in a state of becoming

Answer 26

presence

Question 27

giving names

Answer 27

signification

Question 28

the word itself

Answer 28

signifier

Question 29

the concept in our mind + object

Answer 29

signified

Question 30

Oldest and widely used critical approach Understanding events & experiences surrounding the composition of work; especially the life of the author abandoned in the wake of “New Criticism”

Answer 30

Historical-Biographical

Question 31

Literary Text = Historical Situation Since text and context are mutually constitutive, they create each other. Literary interpretation is shaped by culture; power manifests itself.

Answer 31

New Historicism

Question 32

Who heads new historicism?

Answer 32

Stephen Greenblatt [1943]

Question 33

“cultural artifacts that can tell us something about the interplay of discourses. The web of social meanings. Operating in the time and place in which the text was written”

Answer 33

Lois Tyson

Question 34

explores the cultural, social and economic legacies left behind in a formerly colonized country.

Answer 34

Post-colonialism

Question 35

a key figure in both postcolonialism and New Historicism

Answer 35

Harold Aram Veese

Question 36

Interpretations always need a textual support, How readers respond to text clearly matters, maybe more than the text itself

Answer 36

Reader Response Approach

Question 37

When did Reader Response Approach start?

Answer 37

Germany & USA, late 1960s

Question 38

Focuses on the reader’s psychological experience How readers create meaning

Answer 38

Reader

Question 39

Who the author had in mind when writing, who they expect to react to, pick up upon, interpret, and experience aspects of a text in a certain way.

Answer 39

Implied Reader

Question 40

who coined "Implied Reader" ?

Answer 40

Wolfgang Iser

Question 41

the person who sits down to read a book

Answer 41

Actual Reader

Question 42

Refutes to fulfill the role of implied reader, "refuses to read how it was supposed to be read"

Answer 42

Resisting Reader

Question 43

Who coined "resisting reader"?

Answer 43

Judith Fetterly

Question 44

differentiates between different groups of ACTUAL READERS. Individual reader responses must be seen as part of the bigger picture

Answer 44

Interpretative Communities

Question 45

Who coined "Interpretative Communities"?

Answer 45

Stanley E. Fish

Question 46

All meaning is dependent on the interpretive strategies that different Interpretive communities use No objectively correct interpretation of text because all interpretations are products of different cultures

Answer 46

Fish's Theory

Question 47

not sheets of words bound together Needs you to read it to be a text

Answer 47

The Text

Question 48

readers’ experience of movement through text is an important factor in creation of meaning Readers react diff. To texts based on where they are in their reading journey First reading of the text, different interpretations are produced in comparison to the ones they make once they have finished the text and have a fuller picture of it

Answer 48

The Experience

Question 49

effects of context (society & time period)

Answer 49

Hans Robert Jauss (1921-1997)

Question 50

implied reader ; response inviting structure

Answer 50

Wolfgang Iser (1926-2007)

Question 51

Acceptable and less acceptable interpretations Text acts as a stimulus and blueprint to interpretation

Answer 51

Louise Rosenblatt (1904-2005):