Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC1020 - Module One > Module 2: Neurons and Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Module 2: Neurons and Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system is comprised of THREE kinds of neurons. They are

A
  1. Sensory Neurons
  2. Interneurons
  3. Motor Neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sensory neurons transmit information sensory cells in the body called ____ to the brain, either directly or by way of____.

A

receptors

spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The output of sensory neurons is received by nerve cells that connect other neurons with one another. These are called

A

interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The vast majority of neurons in the brain and spinal cord are:

A

interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Motor neurons transmit commands from ____ to the __ and ___ of the body.

A

interneurons

glands and muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The part of the neuron that receives inputs from other cells is called:

A

dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The part of the neuron that contains the genetic material (chromosomes) is called the ____ and contains the ____

A

cell body

nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The part of the neuron that extends from the cell body down to the terminals is called:

A

the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The axon is covered in a

A

myelin sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The coat of fat (lipid) cells that covers an axon to protect it from chemical and physical interference is called:

A

the myelin sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The main function of the axon is to

A

transmit information to other neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The ______ are at the end of the axon and send signals to other neurons

A

terminal buttons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The connections between neurons occur at the ____ and the gap between neurons is called _____

A

synapse

synaptic cleft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The neuron transmitting the message is called the ____ neuron, and the neuron receiving the message is called the ____ neuron.

A

presynaptic

postsynaptic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The small sacs within the terminal buttons that house neurotransmitters are called

A

synaptic vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Neurotransmitters are:

A

chemicals that transmit information/messaged from one cell to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When a neuron is fired the ____ moves towards the membrane and break open releasing ____ into the _____.

A

synaptic vesicles
neurotransmitters
synaptic cleft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft bind to ____, called _____.

A

protein molecules

receptors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When a ____ binds with ___ that fits the chemical and electrical balance in the postsynaptic cell changes producing a _____

A

neurotransmitter
receptor
graded potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters _____ the postsynaptic cell membrane, making it ____ likely to fire

A

depolarise

more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters ____ the postsynaptic cell membrane, making it ____ likely to fire

A

hyperpolarise

less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

True or False: A neuron can release more than one neurotransmitter

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Neurotransmitters that remain active longer and have a wider radius of impact are called

A

neuromodulators or modulatory neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Neuromodulators main function is to

A

increase or decrease impact of other neurotransmitters

25
Q

The electrical charge inside a cell membrane is ___ and the electrical charge of the fluid outside the call is ____.

A

negative

positive

26
Q

An atom or small molecule that carries an electrical charge is called

A

an ion

27
Q

The three most important chemicals that exist inside and outside cell membranes are

A

potassium (K+)
Sodium (Na+)
Chloride (CI)

28
Q

When a neuron is not firing it is called

A

resting potential

29
Q

The difference between electrical charge inside and outside the neuron is about

A
  • 70 mV
30
Q

Depolarisation usually stems from an influx of ____ ions, making the charge inside the neuron ____ negative and ____ likely to fire

A

sodium
less
more

31
Q

Hyperpolarisation usually results from an outflow of _____ ions or influx of ____ ions making the potential inside the neuron ____ negative and ___ likely to fire

A

potassium
chloride
even less
less

32
Q

Two characteristics of graded potentials:

A
  1. strength diminishes as they travel along the cell membrane
  2. they are cumulative, additive
33
Q

Voltage changes that occur at synapses and spreads down the cell membrane are called :

A

graded potentials

34
Q

If the cumulative effect of graded potentials exceed a threshold and depolairse the membrane at its axon from resting state (-70mV) to ___ mV, the membrane becomes momentarily permeable to _____ ions that have accumulated outside,

A

-50mV

sodium

35
Q

When sodium ions permeate the membrane the potential changes to about ___, which means the cell becomes momentarily ______.

A

+40mV

positive

36
Q

The shift in polarity from negative, to positive and then back to negative is called an

A

action potential

37
Q

Action potential causes ____ to release ____ into the _____.

A

terminal buttons
neurotransmitters
synaptic cleft

38
Q

The PLEASURE neurotransmitter

A

Dopamine

39
Q

The MOOD neurotransmitter

A

Seratonin

40
Q

The CONCENTRATION neurotransmitter

A

Noradrenaline

41
Q

The FIGHT OR FLIGHT neurtransmitter

A

Adrenaline

42
Q

The CALMING neurotransmitter

A

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

43
Q

The LEARNING neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine

44
Q

The MEMORY neurotransmitter

A

Glutamate (glutamic acid)

45
Q

The EUPHORIA neurotransmitters

A

Endorphins

46
Q

High levels of ____ is associated with schitzophrenia

A

dopamine

47
Q

High levels of ____ can make you become agitated and anxious

A

noradrenaline

48
Q

Low levels of dopamine in the substantia nigra is associated with

A

Parkinson’s

49
Q

Low levels of _____ is associated with severe depression

A

serotonin

50
Q

Low levels of GABA is associated with

A

anxiety

51
Q

Low levels of ____ has been linked to Alzheimer’s

A

acetylcholine

52
Q

Low levels of glutamate has been observed in _____ and _____.

A

Alzheimer’s and Huntingtons

53
Q

Neurons make up __% of CNS and glial cells make up __% of CNS

A

10

90

54
Q

Do glial cells transmit information directly?

A

No

55
Q

Glial cells support neurons by:

A

insulating them, disposing of waste products of neurons, keeping their chemical environment stable

56
Q

Potassium Chloride is used in _____ to _____.

A

capital punishment

stop the heart

57
Q

Sodium and potassium enters via the ____ and ___-

A

axon hillock and Node of Ranvier

58
Q

____ cells produce myelin sheaths

A

Schwann

59
Q

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease where

A

the myelin sheath hardens to a tissue called scleroses.

PSYC1020 - Module One (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions