Module 2: Neurons and Neurotransmitters

Question 1

The nervous system is comprised of THREE kinds of neurons. They are

Answer 1

1. Sensory Neurons
2. Interneurons
3. Motor Neurons

Question 2

Sensory neurons transmit information sensory cells in the body called ____ to the brain, either directly or by way of____.

Answer 2

receptors

spinal cord

Question 3

The output of sensory neurons is received by nerve cells that connect other neurons with one another. These are called

Answer 3

interneurons

Question 4

The vast majority of neurons in the brain and spinal cord are:

Answer 4

interneurons

Question 5

Motor neurons transmit commands from ____ to the __ and ___ of the body.

Answer 5

interneurons

glands and muscles

Question 6

The part of the neuron that receives inputs from other cells is called:

Answer 6

dendrites

Question 7

The part of the neuron that contains the genetic material (chromosomes) is called the ____ and contains the ____

Answer 7

cell body

nucleus

Question 8

The part of the neuron that extends from the cell body down to the terminals is called:

Answer 8

the axon

Question 9

The axon is covered in a

Answer 9

myelin sheath

Question 10

The coat of fat (lipid) cells that covers an axon to protect it from chemical and physical interference is called:

Answer 10

the myelin sheath

Question 11

The main function of the axon is to

Answer 11

transmit information to other neurons

Question 12

The ______ are at the end of the axon and send signals to other neurons

Answer 12

terminal buttons

Question 13

The connections between neurons occur at the ____ and the gap between neurons is called _____

Answer 13

synapse

synaptic cleft

Question 14

The neuron transmitting the message is called the ____ neuron, and the neuron receiving the message is called the ____ neuron.

Answer 14

presynaptic

postsynaptic

Question 15

The small sacs within the terminal buttons that house neurotransmitters are called

Answer 15

synaptic vesicles

Question 16

Neurotransmitters are:

Answer 16

chemicals that transmit information/messaged from one cell to another

Question 17

When a neuron is fired the ____ moves towards the membrane and break open releasing ____ into the _____.

Answer 17

synaptic vesicles
neurotransmitters
synaptic cleft

Question 18

Neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft bind to ____, called _____.

Answer 18

protein molecules

receptors.

Question 19

When a ____ binds with ___ that fits the chemical and electrical balance in the postsynaptic cell changes producing a _____

Answer 19

neurotransmitter
receptor
graded potential

Question 20

Excitatory neurotransmitters _____ the postsynaptic cell membrane, making it ____ likely to fire

Answer 20

depolarise

more

Question 21

Inhibitory neurotransmitters ____ the postsynaptic cell membrane, making it ____ likely to fire

Answer 21

hyperpolarise

less

Question 22

True or False: A neuron can release more than one neurotransmitter

Answer 22

True

Question 23

Neurotransmitters that remain active longer and have a wider radius of impact are called

Answer 23

neuromodulators or modulatory neurotransmitters

Question 24

Neuromodulators main function is to

Answer 24

increase or decrease impact of other neurotransmitters

Question 25

The electrical charge inside a cell membrane is ___ and the electrical charge of the fluid outside the call is ____.

Answer 25

negative | positive

Question 26

An atom or small molecule that carries an electrical charge is called

Answer 26

an ion

Question 27

The three most important chemicals that exist inside and outside cell membranes are

Answer 27

potassium (K+) Sodium (Na+) Chloride (CI)

Question 28

When a neuron is not firing it is called

Answer 28

resting potential

Question 29

The difference between electrical charge inside and outside the neuron is about

Answer 29

- 70 mV

Question 30

Depolarisation usually stems from an influx of ____ ions, making the charge inside the neuron ____ negative and ____ likely to fire

Answer 30

sodium less more

Question 31

Hyperpolarisation usually results from an outflow of _____ ions or influx of ____ ions making the potential inside the neuron ____ negative and ___ likely to fire

Answer 31

potassium chloride even less less

Question 32

Two characteristics of graded potentials:

Answer 32

1. strength diminishes as they travel along the cell membrane 2. they are cumulative, additive

Question 33

Voltage changes that occur at synapses and spreads down the cell membrane are called :

Answer 33

graded potentials

Question 34

If the cumulative effect of graded potentials exceed a threshold and depolairse the membrane at its axon from resting state (-70mV) to ___ mV, the membrane becomes momentarily permeable to _____ ions that have accumulated outside,

Answer 34

-50mV | sodium

Question 35

When sodium ions permeate the membrane the potential changes to about ___, which means the cell becomes momentarily ______.

Answer 35

+40mV | positive

Question 36

The shift in polarity from negative, to positive and then back to negative is called an

Answer 36

action potential

Question 37

Action potential causes ____ to release ____ into the _____.

Answer 37

terminal buttons neurotransmitters synaptic cleft

Question 38

The PLEASURE neurotransmitter

Answer 38

Dopamine

Question 39

The MOOD neurotransmitter

Answer 39

Seratonin

Question 40

The CONCENTRATION neurotransmitter

Answer 40

Noradrenaline

Question 41

The FIGHT OR FLIGHT neurtransmitter

Answer 41

Adrenaline

Question 42

The CALMING neurotransmitter

Answer 42

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

Question 43

The LEARNING neurotransmitter

Answer 43

Acetylcholine

Question 44

The MEMORY neurotransmitter

Answer 44

Glutamate (glutamic acid)

Question 45

The EUPHORIA neurotransmitters

Answer 45

Endorphins

Question 46

High levels of ____ is associated with schitzophrenia

Answer 46

dopamine

Question 47

High levels of ____ can make you become agitated and anxious

Answer 47

noradrenaline

Question 48

Low levels of dopamine in the substantia nigra is associated with

Answer 48

Parkinson's

Question 49

Low levels of _____ is associated with severe depression

Answer 49

serotonin

Question 50

Low levels of GABA is associated with

Answer 50

anxiety

Question 51

Low levels of ____ has been linked to Alzheimer's

Answer 51

acetylcholine

Question 52

Low levels of glutamate has been observed in _____ and _____.

Answer 52

Alzheimer's and Huntingtons

Question 53

Neurons make up __% of CNS and glial cells make up __% of CNS

Answer 53

10 | 90

Question 54

Do glial cells transmit information directly?

Answer 54

No

Question 55

Glial cells support neurons by:

Answer 55

insulating them, disposing of waste products of neurons, keeping their chemical environment stable

Question 56

Potassium Chloride is used in _____ to _____.

Answer 56

capital punishment | stop the heart

Question 57

Sodium and potassium enters via the ____ and ___-

Answer 57

axon hillock and Node of Ranvier

Question 58

____ cells produce myelin sheaths

Answer 58

Schwann

Question 59

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease where

Answer 59

the myelin sheath hardens to a tissue called scleroses.