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Clinical Pediatric Optometry > MODULE 2: OCULAR DYSFUNCTION AND DISEASE IN CHILDHOOD > Flashcards

MODULE 2: OCULAR DYSFUNCTION AND DISEASE IN CHILDHOOD Flashcards

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1
Q

As an optometrist it is vital to be aware of the major causes of childhood visual difficulties

TRUE or FALSE?

A

TRUE

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2
Q

As an optometrist, why is it important to be aware of the cause of childhood visual difficulties?

A

so that you can correctly detect, prevent or manage them appropriately.

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3
Q

What are the ocular conditions?

A
  1. Refractive Errors
  2. Strabismus
  3. Nystagmus
  4. Amblyopia
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4
Q

all departures from emmetropia

A

Refractive Errors

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5
Q
  • Myopia with onset at any age between 6 - 15 years
A

JUVENILE MYOPIA

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6
Q
  • Significant difference in refractive error between the eyes (more than 1.00 D)
A

ANISOMETROPIA

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7
Q

With regards to the Ojai study

A refraction at ages 5-6 years old will be myopic?

TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

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8
Q

With regards to the Ojai study

Hyperopia in excess of +2.25D

TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE
Hyperopia in excess of +1.50D

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9
Q

With regards to the Ojai study

Refraction at ages 5-6 years, hyperopia between +1.25D and +2.50D

TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE
Hyperopia between +0.50D and +1.25D

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10
Q

With regards to the Ojai study

Refraction at ages 5-6 years, hyperopia between 0 and +0.50D

TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

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11
Q

With regards to the Ojai study

Refraction at ages 5-6 years, between zero and +0.50D and WTR astigmatism

TRUE OR FALSE?

A

FALSE
ATR astigmatism

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12
Q

With regards to the Ojai study

Prediction for ages 13-14 years, myopia will change and not increase

TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE
Myopia will remain and will probably increase

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13
Q

With regards to the Ojai study

Prediction for ages 13-14 years, child will likely remain myopic

TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE
Child will likely remain hyperopic

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14
Q

With regards to the Ojai study

Prediction for ages 13-14 years, high probability of being emmetropic and myopic

A

TRUE

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15
Q

With regards to the Ojai study

Prediction for ages 13-14 years, an even high probability of becoming against the rule astigmatism and myopic

TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

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16
Q

Tropia or squint

A

STRABISMUS

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17
Q

Failure of the visual axes of the eye to pass

A

STRABISMUS

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18
Q

What is concominant?

A

angle of squint is the same in all directions of gaze

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19
Q

What is incomitant?

A

angle differs in different directions
of gaze

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20
Q
  • Constant or intermittent
  • Convergent, divergent or vertical
  • Unilateral or bilateral
A

STRABISMUS

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21
Q

A non-optical and non-pathological reduction in VA

A

AMBLYOPIA

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22
Q

What are the classifications of amblyopia?

A

o Meridional
o Anisometropic
o Deprivational
o Strabismic
o Refractive

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23
Q

A classification of amblyopia that is caused by complete or partial obstruction of the visual axis

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A

Deprivational amblyopia

24
Q

A classification of amblyopia that is due to constant, non-altering, or unequally alternating tropia?

Study These Flashcards
A

Strabismic amblyopia

25
A classification of amblyopia that is due to untreated unilateral or bilateral EOR
Refractive amblyopia
26
Common cause of congenital cataract and albinism
NYSTAGMUS
27
May be pendular or jerk
NYSTAGMUS
28
Involuntary oscillation of the eyes
NYSTAGMUS
29
Caused by visual deprivation before the age of 2 – 6 years
NYSTAGMUS
30
Often associated with strabismus
NYSTAGMUS
31
What are pediatric ocular pathology?
* Congenital cataract * Albinism * Congenital ptosis * Epicanthus * Fundus anomalies * Anterior Eye infections * Haemangioma
32
A type of congenital cataract that do not interfere with vision and are more common
Cortical and sutural
33
A type of congenital cataract that interferes with vision
Lamellar cataract
34
What are the types of albinism?
-OCULUCUTANEOUS ALBINISM -OCULAR ALBINISM
35
A type of albinism that is hereditary and incapable to synthesize melanin?
OCULUCUTANEOUS ALBINISM
36
A type of albinism that affects the eyes only?
-OCULAR ALBINISM
37
What is congenital ptosis?
* Caused by the dystrophy of the levator muscle * Drooping of the upper lid
38
What is epicanthus?
* Fold of skin stretching from upper to lower lid and covers medial canthus * May give appearance of esotropia (pseudo -esotropia)
39
What are fundus anomalies?
- RETINOBLASTOMA - RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY
40
RETINOBLASTOMA
* Most common primary malignant intraocular tumor
41
RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY
* Occurs in neonates whom oxygen is administered` * Retinal neovascularization * Associated with congenital myopia
42
What are anterior eye infections?
- BLEPHARITIS - VIRAL CONJUNCTIVITIS -ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS
43
BLEPHARITIS
* Most common in childhood and caused by Staphylococcus aureas * Eye appears red, scaly and swollen * Gives rise to itching, burning and photophobia * Gives rise to internal/ external hordeolum, chalazion or bacterial conjunctivitis
44
VIRAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
* Most common, caused by adenovirus * Contagious, initially unilateral with hyperaemia and watery discharge * Resolves within 2-3 weeks
45
46
ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS
* Caused by pollen or animals * Often occurs in association with hay fever, asthma, eczema * Self-limiting once allergen is removed
47
superficial 'strawberry naevus' or deeper with more reddish blue swelling
HAEMANGIOMA
48
* Disappears by the age of 5 years * Congenital
HAEMANGIOMA
49
total absence of color vision
* Achromatopsia
50
incomplete loss of sensitivity to certain wavelengths
Anomalous trichromacy
51
most common; reduced color discrimination ability
Deuteranomalous trichromacy
52
cv is dependent on 2 types of cones
Dichromacy
53
red sensitive photopigment is absent
Protanopia
54
green sensitive photopigment is absent
Deuteranopia
55
reduces sensitivity to red colors
Protanomalous trichromacy
56
acquired defect, result of retinal disease (e.g. RP or diebetes)
Tritanopia

Clinical Pediatric Optometry (5 decks)

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