Module 2: Posture and Movement

Question 1

what play a central role in ergonomics?

Answer 1

posture and movement

Question 2

what provides the force necessary to adopt a posture or make a movement?

Answer 2

muscles

Question 3

these have an auxiliary functions

Answer 3

ligaments

Question 4

what allow relative movement of the various parts of the body?

Answer 4

joints

Question 5

poor posture can lead to what on the muscles, ligaments, and joints?

Answer 5

local mechanical stress

Question 6

what is principle 1?

Answer 6

joints must be in neutral position

Question 7

what is principle 2?

Answer 7

keep the work close to the body

Question 8

what is principle 3?

Answer 8

avoid bending forward

Question 9

the upper body of an adult weighs about?

Answer 9

40 kg in average

Question 10

where in the body is the stress particularly large?

Answer 10

lower back

Question 11

what is principle 4?

Answer 11

a twisted trunk strains the back

Question 12

what is principle 5?

Answer 12

sudden movements and forces produce peak stresses

Question 13

what is principle 6?

Answer 13

alternate posture as well as movements

Question 14

what is principle 7?

Answer 14

limit the duration of any continuous muscular effort

Question 15

a continuous stress leads to a what?

Answer 15

localized muscle fatigue

Question 16

it is a state of muscle discomfort and reduced muscle performance

Answer 16

muscle fatigue

Question 17

what is the relationship of time and muscular effort?

Answer 17

the higher the muscular effort is, the lower time for it to be maintained

Question 18

what is principle 8?

Answer 18

prevent muscular exhaustion

Question 19

what is principle 9?

Answer 19

more frequent breaks are better than a single long one

Question 20

what is principle 10?

Answer 20

limit the energy expenditure in a task

Question 21

how many energy does a prolonged task without experiencing any general fatigue is demanded of the task?

Answer 21

< 250W

Question 22

what activities demand less than 250W?

Answer 22

writing, typing, ironing, light walk

Question 23

what is principle 11?

Answer 23

rest is necessary after heavy tasks

Question 24

what is principle 12?

Answer 24

take account of differences in body sizes

Question 25

what is principle 13?

Answer 25

use the anthropometric tables appropriate for specific populations

Question 26

what is imposed by the task or workplace?

Answer 26

posture

Question 27

what is principle 14?

Answer 27

select a basic posture that fits the job

Question 28

what has a number of advantages compared to standing?

Answer 28

sitting

Question 29

what is principle 15?

Answer 29

alternate sitting with standing and walking

Question 30

what is principle 16?

Answer 30

the height of the seat and back rest of the chair must be adjustable

Question 31

what is principle 17?

Answer 31

provide proper seating instructions

Question 32

what is principle 18?

Answer 32

specific chair characteristics are determined by the task

Question 33

what is principle 19?

Answer 33

the work height depends on the task

Question 34

what is principle 20?

Answer 34

the height of the work surface, seat, and feet must be compatible

Question 35

what is principle 21?

Answer 35

use a footrest if the work height is fixed

Question 36

what is principle 22?

Answer 36

avoid excessive reaches

Question 37

what radius should all things considered used daily in most operations be?

Answer 37

approx. 50 cm

Question 38

where should workpieces be placed?

Answer 38

in front of or near the body

Question 39

what is principle 23?

Answer 39

select a sloping work surface for reading tasks

Question 40

what degrees does the position of work surface for reading purposes?

Answer 40

45 degrees

Question 41

what degrees does the position of work surface for writing purposes?

Answer 41

15 degrees

Question 42

what is principle 24?

Answer 42

allow sufficient legroom

Question 43

what is the width clearance for the table?

Answer 43

60 cm

Question 44

what is the required depth clearance for the table at the knees and feet?

Answer 44

at the knees = 40cm at the feet = 100cm

Question 45

what is the required thickness of a writing surface of the table?

Answer 45

<= 3cm

Question 46

TRUE OR FALSE Activities where considerable forces must be exerted or frequently changed should be carried out in a standing position

Answer 46

True

Question 47

what is principle 25?

Answer 47

alternate standing with sitting and walking

Question 48

what is principle 26?

Answer 48

the work height depends on the task

Question 49

what is principle 27?

Answer 49

the height of the work table must be adjustable

Question 50

what is principle 28?

Answer 50

do not use platforms

Question 51

what is principle 29?

Answer 51

provide sufficient room for the legs and feet

Question 52

what is principle 30?

Answer 52

avoid excessive reaches

Question 53

what is principle 31?

Answer 53

select a sloping work surface for reading tasks

Question 54

these techniques relate to the provision of a varied task package

Answer 54

change of posture

Question 55

what is principle 32?

Answer 55

offer variation in tasks and activities

Question 56

what is principle 33?

Answer 56

introduce sit-stand work stations

Question 57

what is principle 34?

Answer 57

alternate sitting postures

Question 58

what is principle 35?

Answer 58

make occasional use of a pedestal stool in standing work

Question 59

TRUE OR FALSE Working for long periods with the hand and arm in a good posture can lead to specific complaints of the wrist, elbow, and shoulder

Answer 59

False = POOR posture

Question 60

what ailment is a local inflammation of a tendon attachment due to a combination of a bent elbow and bent wrist?

Answer 60

tennis elbow

Question 61

what play a role in the development and aggravation of application of a force and repetitive movement?

Answer 61

repetitive strain injuries (RSI)

Question 62

what is principle 36?

Answer 62

select the right model of tool

Question 63

what is principle 37?

Answer 63

do not bend the wrist, use curved tools instead

Question 64

what is principle 38?

Answer 64

hand-held tools must not be too heavy

Question 65

what is principle 39?

Answer 65

maintain your tools

Question 66

what kg should a tool weigh?

Answer 66

< 2kg

Question 67

what is principle 40?

Answer 67

pay attention to the shape of handgrips

Question 68

the handgrip must have a diameter of aprox. ___ and length of approx. ____?

Answer 68

diameter = 3cm length = 10cm

Question 69

should you use pre-shaped handgrips?

Answer 69

no, the fingers will be constrained

Question 70

what is principle 41?

Answer 70

avoid carrying tasks above shoulder level

Question 71

what is principle 42?

Answer 71

avoid working with the hands behind the body

Question 72

this can be stressful in the energetic sense for the muscles, heart, and lungs as some of these can cause high, localized mechanical stresses that can lead to body aches and pains

Answer 72

movements

Question 73

what is still frequently needed in spite of mechanization and automation?

Answer 73

manual lifting

Question 74

this is seen as a major cause of lower back complaints

Answer 74

lifting

Question 75

what is principle 43?

Answer 75

restrict the number of tasks which require displacing loads manually