Module 2 Practice Questions and Key Terms Flashcards
1
Q
plasma membrane
A
Selectively permeable membrane (allows only certain substances through) made of phospholipids and proteins surrounding the entire cell
ESSENTIAL TO LIFE OF THE CELL!
2
Q
cytoplasm
A
Gel-like fluid filling the inside of the cell that is comprised primarily of water, with electrolytes, metabolic waste products, and nutrients dissolved within it
MEDIUM FOR CHEMICAL REACTIONS
3
Q
nucleus
A
Large, spherical body near the center of the cell containing genetic material in the form of DNA
CONTROL CENTER OF CELL, REGULATES CELL ACTIVITY
4
Q
nuclear membrane
A
Double-layered, porous membrane surrounding the nucleus
PROTECTS THE NUCELUS, ONLY ALLOWS SPECIFIC MATERIAL
5
Q
nucleolus
A
Dark, dense body within the nucleus without an enclosing membrane; most cells contain one to four
FORMS DNA & RIBOSOMES
6
Q
mitochondria
A
Elongated, rod-shaped bodies filled with fluid, containing DNA
CONVERTS NUTRIENTS INTO ENERGY FOR BODY, POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL!
7
Q
ribosomes
A
Small granules of RNA found in the nucleolus or cytoplasm
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
8
Q
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
A
Complex connection of membranous fluid-filled, flat sacs and tubular channels that connects the cell membrane to nucleus membrane.
TRANSPORTS MATERIAL THROUGHOUT CELL
9
Q
rough endoplasmic reticulum
A
supports the synthesis & transport of proteins
10
Q
soft endoplasmic reticulum
A
supports the synthesis of some lipid molecules, including steroids
11
Q
golgi apparatus
A
Four to six flat membranous sacs, connected to the endoplasmic reticulum; typically found near the nucleus and forms lysosomes within cell
“PACKAGING AND SHIPPPING PLANT” OF CELL
12
Q
lysosomes
A
Sacs surrounded by membranes created by the Golgi apparatus
DIGESTS WASTE MATERIAL (INCLUDING DAMAGED MATERIAL)
13
Q
cytoskeleton
A
Comprised of protein microfilaments and microtubules
MAINTAINS SHAPE & STRUCTURE OF CELL
14
Q
centrioles
A
Pair of rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules found near the nucleus
DISTRIBUTES DNA TO NEW CELLS (cell reproduction)
15
Q
cilia
A
Short, hair-like microtubules projecting from the cell membrane
MOVES SUBSTANCES ALONG SURFACE OF CELL
16
Q
flagella
A
Long, hair-like microtubules, projecting from the cell membrane
MOVE THE CELL THROUGH A “WHIP-LIKE MOTION”
17
Q
Which of the following cell organelles is responsible for transporting materials throughout the cell?
A
endoplasmic reticulum
18
Q
sagittal plane
A
divides the body into left and right sides
19
Q
midsagittal plane
A
equal division of left & right sides, running along the midline of the body
20
Q
transverse plane
A
divides the body into upper and lower sections, DOES NOT HAVE TO BE EQUAL
21
Q
frontal plane (coronal)
A
divides the body into anterior & posterior sections
22
Q
cranial cavity
A
within the SKULL, houses the meninges (brain)
23
Q
spinal cavity
A
traveling down the midline of the back and formed by the vertebrae, contains the spinal cord
24
Q
thoracic cavity
A
within the CHEST, houses the lungs, heart, and major vessels
25
abdominal cavity
within the ABDOMEN, houses organs such as the stomach, liver, gallbladder, and intestines
26
pelvic cavity
inferior to abdominal cavity, houses bladder & reproductive organs
27
homeostasis
state in which the body systems and biological processes maintain stability
28
What is the function of skin?
responsible for protection, temperature regulation, sensation, excretion, and vitamin D production
29
epidermis layer
outermost layer of epithelial tissue, covers the external surface of the body
30
dermis layer
thick layer beneath the dermis containing arteries, veins, and nerves
31
subcutaneous layer
loose, connective tissue composed of adipose tissue & lipocytes
32
hair follicles
generate hair
33
sebaceous glands
produce sebum to keep hair soft & prevent bacteria from growing on skin
34
fingernails & toenails
protects the ends of fingers & toes
35
sudoriferous glands
produce sweat to cool the body down
36
What is the largest organ in the body?
skin
37
How many bones does the axial skeleton have?
made up of 80 bones
38
How many bones does the appendicular skeleton have?
made up of 126 bones
39
ligament
connects bone to bone for joint stability
40
tendons
connects muscle to bone to help to move extremities
41
connective tissue
maintains, protects, and gives form to other tissue and organs
42
cartilage
part of connective tissue found in the larynx and respiratory tract and also protects the ends of long bones
43
long bones
these bones have epiphysis, diaphysis, and medullary cavity containing yellow bone marrow. The ends of long bones are covered by articular cartilage to allow joint movement without causing friction.
44
short bones
found in the wrists and ankles, usually are small and round bones
45
flat bones
majority of surface area of these bones are flat or slightly curved.
46
irregular bones
includes bones with an unusual shape that is typically related to its function.
47
sesamoid bones
small, round bones are found in joints that are held in place by tendons.
48
red bone marrow
found within bones, marrow is responsible for producing new blood cells. This process is known as hematopoiesis. Bones also store calcium, which is essential for proper cell function.
49
skeletal muscle
responsible for body movement; also called voluntary muscle or striated muscle
50
smooth muscle
found within the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels and in the iris of the eye; also called involuntary muscle
51
cardiac muscle
found ONLY in the heart; cross-fibered to allow the heart to contract from the top and bottom to pump blood
52
lymph nodes
small, glandular structures concentrated in the neck, axilla, and groin that produce and store lymphocytes, also holds macrophages
53
lymph nodules
masses of lymphoid tissue comprised of macrophages and lymphocytes.
54
thymus
located posterior to the sternum. The thymus is large in children and atrophies (shrinks) after adolescence. It is responsible for the production and maturation of T-cells.
55
spleen
largest lymphoid organ, located in the upper-left quadrant of the abdomen. It is home to macrophages that filter the blood.
56
interstitial fluid
tissue fluid found between cells. Once collected and filtered, it is called lymph.
57
antigen
foreign substance within the body
58
antibody
protein the body creates in response to specific antigens
59
immunoglobulins
antibodies
60
B-cells
type of lymphocyte that can recognize antigens and responds by turning into plasma cells; these plasma cells then create antibodies against specific antigens
61
T-cells
type of lymphocyte that can recognize antigens and attaches to them to attack the invading cells directly
62
monocytes
engulf and destroy pathogens that have been coagulated with antibodies
63
naturally acquired active immunity
occurs when a person has an infectious disease and then develops antibodies against the pathogen that caused the disease. The antibodies have a memory that prevents future infections by the same pathogen.
64
artificially acquired active immunity
result of administering a vaccination. The antibodies are activated by the vaccine and develop memory to recognize the pathogen in the future.
65
naturally acquired passive immunity
short-lasting immunity transferred through the placenta and breast milk.
66
artificially acquired passive immunity
short-lasting immunity, this is created by giving an exposed person antibodies containing blood products, as in an immune globulin.
67
heart
located within the central part of the chest (mediastinum) and functions as a pump to move blood throughout the body
68
artery
thick-walled vessels that carry blood away from the heart. They propel blood with each contraction of the heart and are associated with various pulse points on the body.
69
arteriole
smaller branches of arteries
70
vein
vessels that carry blood toward the heart. They are thinner-walled than arteries and contain valves to prevent backflow.
71
venule
smaller branches of veins
72
capillary
smallest blood vessels, which connect arterioles to venules. They aid in the exchange of oxygen and nutrients between blood and body cells.
73
endocardium
innermost layer of cells that lines the atria, ventricles, and heart valves
74
myocardium
muscular layer of the heart
75
pericardium
outermost layer of the heart, membrane that surrounds the heart and secretes pericardial fluid
76
kidneys
located on either side of the vertebral column at the level of the top lumbar vertebrae, the kidneys are responsible for removing waste from the blood and producing urine.
77
ureters
long tubes that are responsible for carrying urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
78
urinary bladder
small muscular sac located within the pelvic cavity is responsible for storing urine.
79
urethra
responsible for carrying urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body and is longer in males due to pelvic shape and position of the prostate. The urinary meatus is located at the end of the urethra where urine exits the body.
80
mouth
responsible for initiating digestion, both mechanical (chewing) and chemical (saliva).
81
pharynx
includes the throat (the passageway for food between the oral cavity) and the esophagus (also part of the respiratory system).
82
esophagus
muscular tube connects the mouth to the stomach. It uses wave-like contractions called peristalsis to propel food into the stomach.
83
stomach
located below the diaphragm in the left upper quadrant (LUQ) of the abdominal cavity, the stomach receives food from the esophagus and continues breakdown using gastric juices. It then propels food to the small intestine. The stomach lining contains folds called rugae, allowing expansion.
84
small intestine
takes up most of the space within the abdominal cavity and is primarily responsible for absorption of nutrients, divided into THREE SECTIONS
-duodenum
-jejunum
-ileum
85
large intestine
also known as the colon, it completes absorption and forms feces from solid waste products. DIVIDED INTO FIVE SECTIONS
-cecum (connected to the ileum)
-ascending colon
-transverse colon
-descending colon
-sigmoid colon
86
rectum
end of the colon that stores feces until defecation
87
anus
end of the rectum, which opens to the outside of the body to allow for elimination of feces.
88
liver
located in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) of the abdomen. It produces bile needed to break down fats.
89
gallbladder
located inferior to the liver, the gall bladder stores bile and connects to the duodenum.
90
pancreas
posterior to the stomach and connected to duodenum, the pancreas produces enzymes that aid with digestion, creates insulin
91
alimentary canal
passage in which food passes through the body from the mouth to anus.
92
nose
made of bones, cartilage, and skin. It contains small hairs called cilia to prevent large particles from entering.
93
pharynx
during respiration, air enters through the nose and mouth into the pharynx. The pharynx is also part of the digestive system
94
larynx
superior to the trachea, the larynx produces a person’s voice. ("voicebox")
95
trachea
also called the windpipe, the trachea extends from the larynx and branches into bronchi. It is lined with cilia.
96
lungs
two cone-shaped organs are located in the chest. The lungs contain bronchi, alveoli, and many blood vessels. The right lung is larger and divided into three lobes. The left lung has two lobes. Both lungs are surrounded by a membrane called pleura.
97
internal respiration
exchange within hemoglobin of a RBC
98
external respiration
exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen within the lungs
99
brain
coordinates most body activities and is the control center for the body as well as thought, emotion, and judgment, divided into FOUR LOBES
-frontal
-parietal
-occipital
-temporal
100
spinal cord
provides a pathway for nerve impulses travelling to and from the brain and extends from the base of the brain to the lumbar vertebrae through the vertebral column.
101
peripheral nerves
includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves branching off from the spinal cord. They carry nerve signals between the body and the brain.
102
neuron
functional unit of the nervous system
103
dendrites
projections from the cell body that receives information from other neurons
104
nucleus
directs cellular activity (CONTROL CENTER OF CELL)
105
cytoplasm
produces neurotransmitters and energy for the neuron.
106
axon
stores neurotransmitters
107
central nervous system (CNS)
brain & spinal cord
108
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
peripheral nerves located throughout the body
109
hormones
chemicals used by the body to increase or decrease activity of the hormone's specific target ceells
110
testes
produces sperm & testosterone, located below the pelvic cavity (outer), within the scrotum
111
scrotum
pouch of skin that houses the testes (outer)
112
penis
external cylinder-shaped organ that moves urine and semen out of the body
113
epididymis
coiled tube located superior to each testis; responsible for maturation of sperm cells
114
vas deferens
connects the epididymis to the urethra
115
seminal vesicles
sac-like organs that secrete seminal fluid that stimulate muscle contractions in the female reproductive organs to aid in propelling sperm forward
116
prostate gland
surrounds the proximal urethra; contracts during ejaculation to aid in forward movement of sperm; secretes fluid that protects sperm within the vagina
117
bulbourethral glands (Cowper's glands)
inferior to the prostate gland; secrete fluid to lubricate the end of the penis to prepare for intercourse
118
androgens
group of male sex hormones
119
testosterone
most abundant & biologically active of the MALE sex hormones
120
ovaries
PAIR of oval shaped organs located within the pelvic cavity.
produces ova, estrogen, and progesterone
121
fallopian tubes
MUSCULAR tubes with proximal openings near each ovary, and connects distally to the uterus to receive egg during ovulation
122
uterus
HOLLOW MUSCULAR organ, located in the lower pelvic cavity
receives fertilized egg and implants it into uterine wall for fetal development, and if no egg is fertilized, it results in menstruation
123
vagina
muscular tube extending from the uterus to the outside of the body; expands during intercourse and childbirth
124
labia majora
folds of skin and adipose tissue that protect other external genitalia
125
labia minora
folds of skin WITHIN the labia majora, pinkish in color due to high blood circulation; form a hood over the clitoris
126
clitoris
highly sensitive erectile tissue located anterior to the urethra
127
perineum
area between the vagina and anus
128
estrogen
group of sex hormones
129
progesterone
hormones secreted by the ovaries
130
estradiol
most abundant and biologically active FEMALE hormone
131
Which of the following classifications of bone describes the skull?
flat
132
What is Step 1 of the cardiac cycle?
SA node generates an electrical impulse
133
What is Step 2 of the cardiac cycle?
impulse travels into the AV node
134
What is Step 3 of the cardiac cycle?
impulse travels into the ventricular septum
135
What is Step 4 of the cardiac cycle?
electrical impulse reaches the Purkinje fibers
136
What is Step 5 of the cardiac cycle?
ventricles contract and pump blood into the pulmonary artery and aorta
137
What structure is known as the "pacemaker" of the heart?
SA node
138
Which of the following body systems are primarily responsible for achieving and maintaining homeostasis?
nervous & endocrine
139
Which of the following defense mechanisms is a patient engaging in if they state, "The lab must have mixed up the samples, I don't have diabetes?"
denial
140
For which of the following is a history of inflammatory bowel disease a risk factor?
colorectal cancer
141
In which of the following stages of development is the goal to achieve a balance between concern for the next generation and being self-absorbed?
generativity vs. stagnation
142
Which of the following abbreviations used to indicate a heart attack?
MI (myocardial infarction)
143
According to the Joint Commission's "Do Not Use" list, which of the following should never be abbreviated?
medication names
144
Which of the following is a common symptom of depression?
feeling of hopelessness
145
Which of the following describes an illness constantly present in a community?
endemic
146
epidemic
occurs when a disease spreads rapidly to a large group of people
147
pandemic
148
outbreak
149
What is an example of a physical stressor on the body?
pollution in the air
150
Which of the following mental health conditions tend to present as hyperactivity in young males?
ADHD
151
Which of the following body cavities travels down the midline of the back?
spinal cavity
152
dermat-
skin
153
A patient is told their kidney disease has progressed to the point of dialysis. Which of the following stages of grief is the patient experiencing if they are beginning to explore dietary changes?
bargaining
154
Which of the following describes the body's systems and biological processes to maintain stability?
homeostasis
155
Which of the following is a bone of the lower extremities?
metatarsals
156
Which of the following describes the position of the head to the chest when a person is in the anatomical position?
superior
157
Which of the following is an autoimmune disorder leading to changes in the connective tissues of the body, especially the joints?
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
158
Which of the following is a symptom of shingles?
blistering rash
159
Which of the following diseases is a patient referring to if they say, "Lou Gehrig's disease"?
amytrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
160
Which of the following is a helpful accommodation for a patient who has partial vision loss?
utilize larger print materials
161
Which of the following can be diagnosed during a colonoscopy?
diverticulitis
162
What bones are included in the axial skeleton?
-Skull
-Cervical vertebrae
-Thoracic vertebrae
-Lumbar vertebrae
-Sacrum
-Coccyx
-Ribs
163
What bones are included in the appendicular skeleton?
-Scapula
-Clavicle
-Humerus
-Radius
-Ulna
-Carpals
-Metacarpals
-Phalanges
-Pelvic girdle
-Femur
-Patella
-Tibia
-Fibula
-Tarsals
-Metatarsals
-Phalanges
164
somatic nervous system
165
autonomic nervous system
166
exocrine glands
releases hormones into a duct for delivery to the target cell
167
endocrine glands
releases hormones DIRECTLY into blood stream
168
What is the function of the skeletal system?
provide structure & posture
169
What is the function of the nervous system?
controls all other body systems
170
What is the function of the respiratory system?
move air in and out of the lungs
171
What is the function of the gastrointestinal system?
facilitates digestion
172
What is the function of the urinary system?
remove waste products from the body
173
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
delivers blood to the body, makes sure heart stays pumping
174
What is the function of the immune system?
protects the body from disease
175
What is the function of the integumentary system?
temperature regulation & sensations
176
Which of the following diseases would be indicated if a patient presented with a waxy bump on the skin that has been growing for four months?
basal cell skin cancer
177
Which of the following conditions includes symptoms of excessive bleeding and frequent bruising?
hemophilia
178
nuclear medicine
diagnostic imaging that involves the administration of radioactive material called tracers (radiopharmaceuticals) to assess bodily functions
179
Which of the following diagnostic studies uses radiation?
-X-ray
-CT scan
-Nuclear medicine
180
Which of the following organizations researches potential agents related to pandemics?
World Health Organization (WHO)
