Module 2 pre-lab / lab

Question 1

List five main functions of bone.

Answer 1

Support, protection, assist in movement, storage, blood cell production.

Question 2

List the main components (tissue types) of the skeletal system.

Answer 2

Bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage

Question 3

List the names of the main cartilage types. Which of these forms of cartilage is most closely associated with bone.

Answer 3

Fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage, hyaline cartilage. Hyaline cartilage most closely associated with
bone.

Question 4

Complete the table below in regards to bone metabolism and calcium homeostasis.

Answer 4

Calcitonin

• Thyroid gland
• Encourages osteoblasts to deposit calcium in bone (reduces blood calcium).

Parathyroid hormone

• Parathyroid glands
• Indirectly increases osteoclast activity (increases blood calcium).

Question 5

Osteoblasts

Answer 5

Bone forming cells, lay down bone matrix

Question 6

Osteocytes

Answer 6

Maintain bone matrix

Question 7

Osteoclasts

Answer 7

Bone destroying cells, remodel bone matrix

Question 8

A bone that has been decalcified is bendy. Which component of the bone matrix (organic or
inorganic) has been removed in the decalcification process?

Answer 8

Calcium – Inorganic (calcium is a mineral)

Question 9

Name the crystals that make up this missing component.

Answer 9

Hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate)

Question 10

Which component of the matrix (organic or inorganic) remains in the bone tissue after these
crystals are removed?

Answer 10

Organic components

Question 11

If you burnt a bone, which matrix component would be destroyed and what properties would the bone then have?

Answer 11

Organic component burns (collagen, proteins, cells); inorganic left, very brittle

Question 12

What is this functional unit of compacted bone called?

Answer 12

An Osteon (Haversion system)

Question 13

Periosteum

Answer 13

Dense irregular CT sheath surrounding bone that supports blood and nerve supply. Found where ever there is no articular cartilage, protects bone and contains cells involved in the formation of bone

Question 14

Central canal

Answer 14

Contains blood vessels, and nerves supplying bone tissue.

Found in centre of the osteon (Haversian system)

Question 15

Osteon

Answer 15

(Haversian system) Functional unit of bone

Question 16

Osteocyte

Answer 16

The cell responsible for bone matrix maintenance

Question 17

Endosteum

Answer 17

Thin membrane lining the medullary cavity. Some CT and a single layer of bone-forming cells

Question 18

Lamellae

Answer 18

Layers of bone (calcified tissue)

Can be concentric, interstitial or circumferential

Question 19

The feature “C” on the model has a cylindrical shape what is the functional advantage of this in
dense bone? c = osteon

Answer 19

Strength

Question 20

intramembranous

Answer 20

Bone forms directly from mesenchyme (embryological connective tissue).

Question 21

endochondral

Answer 21

Bone forms from mesenchyme producing a hyaline cartilage model first which is replaced by bone tissue.

Question 22

Name two flat bones that develop via intramembranous ossification.

Answer 22

Bones of the skull such as frontal, parietal temporal and occipital

Question 23

Name two long bones that develop via endochondral ossification.

Answer 23

Humerus, femur, tibia, fibula, radius, ulna, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges

Question 24

How many ribs are there and how are they numbered?

Answer 24

24, 1-12, from superior to inferior

Question 25

The spaces found between each of the ribs are called what?

Answer 25

Intercostal spaces

Question 26

What are the directions in which the ribs move?

Answer 26

Elevate (Up) and depress (down)

Question 27

The sternum comprises three parts; name them in order from superior to inferior.

Answer 27

1. Manubrium
2. Body
3. Xiphoid process

Question 28

On the skeleton of the upper limb identify the component bones:

Answer 28

1. Phalanges 5. Ulna
2. Metacarpals 6. Humerus
3. Carpals 7. Scapula
4. Radius

Question 29

How many carpal bones are there?

Answer 29

8

Question 30

How are the metacarpals numbered (i.e., lateral to medial or medial to lateral)? Note the
position of the thumb when numbering – it must be in the Anatomical Position.

Answer 30

Lateral to medial

Question 31

How many metacarpals are in each hand?

Answer 31

5

Question 32

How many phalanges are in each digit?

Answer 32

3 in digits 2-5, 2 in thumb (digit 1)

Question 33

1. The right and left coxal bones (os coxae or “hip bones”) are composed of three separate bones
   that fuse during development. What are the names of these three bones?
2. Which of these bones do you sit on?
3. Which of these bones contain the “hip bones” or iliac crest?

Answer 33

pubis, ilium, ishium

ischium

Ilium

Question 34

The pelvis includes what additional structure?

Answer 34

The coccyx (i.e., the pelvis is made up of the 2 os coxa, the sacrum and the coccyx)

Question 35

Name the articulation that joins the two os coxae anteriorly.

Answer 35

Pubic symphysis

Question 36

The articulation in Question 7 is a cartilaginous joint, how much movement does it permit?

Answer 36

Movement: Slightly movable

Question 37

How many phalanges are in each digit?

Answer 37

3, 2 in big toe

Question 38

Is the big toe (Hallux) located medial or lateral in the Anatomical Position?

Answer 38

Medial

Question 39

How are the metatarsals numbered (i.e., lateral to medial or medial to lateral)?

Answer 39

Medial to lateral