Module 2: Preview of the Cell

Question 1

founded on the principles of basic sciences of chemistry and physics.

Answer 1

biology

Question 2

can be considered the chemistry of the living

Answer 2

biology

Question 3

Molecular Constituents

Answer 3

carbon-containing compounds
water-soluble compounds
selectively permeable membrane
polymerization
self-assembly

Question 4

study of chemistry in systems that happen to be alive

Answer 4

biology

Question 5

t/f
Chemical background is necessary for the cell biologist

Answer 5

true

Question 6

Everything cells are and do has

Answer 6

molecular and chemical basis

Question 7

the backbone of biologically important molecules

Answer 7

carbon atom
carbon-containing molecule

Question 8

the universal solvent of living systems

Answer 8

water molecule
water-soluble compounds

Question 9

membranes are differentially permeable to specific solutes, they also control the movements of molecules and ions into and out of cells and cellular compartments

Answer 9

selectively-permeable membranes

Question 10

by polymerization of monomers

Answer 10

Synthesis of biological macromolecules

Question 11

small, water-soluble organic molecules
an important principle of cellular chemistry

Answer 11

monomers

Question 12

linking together of many similar or identical small molecules known as monomers

Answer 12

polymerization

Question 13

can be transported across membranes

Answer 13

monomers

Question 14

made of repeating monomers

Answer 14

polymers

Question 15

proteins and other biological macromolecules into higher levels of structural organization.

Answer 15

self-assembly

Question 16

information needed to specify the spatial configuration of the molecule is inherent in the linear array of monomers present in the polymer

Answer 16

self-assembly

Question 17

domain of organic chemistry

Answer 17

carbon

Question 18

most important atoms in biological molecules

Answer 18

carbon atom

Question 19

valence of four, lacking four electrons at its outermost electron orbital

Answer 19

carbon

Question 20

methods of satisfaction of stable status

Answer 20

electron-deficient atoms

Question 21

formation of covalent bonds with “light” elements to form stable compounds

Answer 21

carbon
oxygen
hydrogen
nitrogen

Question 22

t/f
CARBON-CONTAINING MOLECULES ARE STABLE

Answer 22

true
calorie and bond energy

Question 23

amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree centigrade

Answer 23

calorie

Question 24

amount of energy required to break 1 mole (about 6 x 10^23) of bonds

Answer 24

bond energy

Question 25

bond energy of C-C

Answer 25

83 kilocalories/mole

Question 26

bond energy of C-N

Answer 26

70 kilocalories/mole

Question 27

bond energy of C-O

Answer 27

84 kilocalories/mole

Question 28

bond energy of C-H

Answer 28

99 kilocalories/mole

Question 29

bond energy of C=C

Answer 29

146 kilocalories/mole

Question 30

bond energy of C-=C

Answer 30

212 kilocalories/mole

Question 31

t/f CARBON-CARBON BONDS ARE THE FITTEST FOR THE BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY UNDER SOLAR RADIATION

Answer 31

true the relationship between electromagnetic radiation and the wavelength

Question 32

the constant with the units of kcal-nm/Einstein

Answer 32

28,600

Question 33

an Einstein is equal to __ mole of photons

Answer 33

1

Question 34

the ultraviolet light at a wavelength of ___ nm confers energy of ___ kcal/Einstein

Answer 34

300 ∼95.3

Question 35

sufficient to breakdown C-C bonds of ∼83 kcal/mol

Answer 35

pollution and ozone layer protection

Question 36

THE DIVERSITY OF CARBON-CONTAINING MOLECULES

Answer 36

hydrocarbon functional groups

Question 37

major component of fuels (gasoline)

Answer 37

hydrocarbons

Question 38

Ionized or protonated

Answer 38

carbon-containing functional groups

Question 39

Uncharged at pH 7, but “polarized

Answer 39

carbon-containing functional groups

Question 40

STEREOISOMERS OF CARBON-CONTAINING MOLECULES

Answer 40

tetrahedral asymmetric carbon d-glucose

Question 41

When four different atoms or groups of atoms are bonded to the four corners.

Answer 41

tetrahedral

Question 42

Two different spatial configurations are possible, but not superimposable

Answer 42

tetrahedral

Question 43

Has four different substituents

Answer 43

asymmetric carbon

Question 44

L- and D-alanine present in nature but only L- type is present in proteins

Answer 44

asymmetric carbon

Question 45

Has four asymmetric carbon atom and has 24 or 16 kinds of possible stereoisomers

Answer 45

d-glucose

Question 46

Most abundant component of cells and organisms

Answer 46

water

Question 47

75-85% of a cell (10-20in spores and dry seeds)

Answer 47

water

Question 48

caused by the angles that hydrogen atom bond to the oxygen atom (104.5 degrees), making the oxygen electronegative

Answer 48

polarity

Question 49

accounts for the cohesiveness, the temperature-stabilizing capacity and the solvent properties of water

Answer 49

polarity

Question 50

t/f Hydrogen bonds form between the hydrogen atoms

Answer 50

true

Question 51

Oxygen atoms of water molecules are responsible for its

Answer 51

high boiling point high specific heat high heat of vaporization

Question 52

Has a high temperature-stabilizing capacity

Answer 52

water

Question 53

Amount of heat a substance absorb per gram to increase its temperature 1 degrees C.

Answer 53

specific heat

Question 54

water = __ calorie per gram

Answer 54

1

Question 55

the amount of energy required to convert 1 gram of a liquid into vapor.

Answer 55

high heat of vaporization

Question 56

excellent solvent

Answer 56

water

Question 57

water-fearing

Answer 57

hydrophobic

Question 58

water-loving

Answer 58

hydrophilic

Question 59

physical barriers of cells and subcellular compartments controlling material exchange between the internal and extracellular environment.

Answer 59

selectively permeable membrane

Question 60

essentially a hydrophobic permeability barrier consisting of phospholipids, glycolipids, and membrane proteins

Answer 60

membrane

Question 61

contain amphipathic molecules such as phosphatidyl ethanolamine (example of phosphoglycerides)

Answer 61

membrane

Question 62

Lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it

Answer 62

membrane

Question 63

Each layer is about 3-4 nm thick with hydrophobic tails facing each other in the middle

Answer 63

membrane

Question 64

Functions of the associated proteins

Answer 64

transport proteins enzymes receptors electron transport intermediates chlorophyll-binding proteins (chloroplast)

Question 65

Freely diffusing molecules

Answer 65

H2O, CO2 or miliwatt < 100 Dalton

Question 66

t/f Na+ and K+ are effectively excluded (108 time less efficient)

Answer 66

true

Question 67

Proteins Ribonucleic acids (DNA or RNA) Polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, and cellulose) Lipid (with different synthesizing method)

Answer 67

macromolecules

Question 68

Responsible for most of the form and function in living systems.

Answer 68

macromolecules

Question 69

Monomers

Answer 69

glucoe amino acid nucleotides

Question 70

Informational macromolecules

Answer 70

DNA proteins