Module 2: Section 1 - Cell Structure

Question 1

What does nucleoplasm contain

Answer 1

Nucleotides and enzymes which are essential for DNA and RNA synthesis

Question 2

What is the nuclear pores function

Answer 2

Allow molecules to enter and leave the nucleus

Question 3

What is a eukaryotic cell

Answer 3

A cell that’s genetic material is enclosed in the nucleus and has membrane bound organelles

Question 4

What is inside chromatin

Answer 4

DNA coiled around proteins called histones

Question 5

What is produced at the nucleolus

Answer 5

rRNA (part of the structure of the ribosome)is produced

Question 6

What is the function of the mitochondria

Answer 6

ATP production

Question 7

Which structure is responsible for modifying sorting and packaging proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles

Answer 7

Golgi apparatus

Question 8

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum description/structure

Answer 8

-No ribosomes
-Series of interconnected member bound sacs and tubules
-membrane is phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins

Question 9

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 9

Synthesises and processes lipids. SER contains enzymes that catalyse reactions involved with lipid metabolism such as synthesis of cholesterol

Question 10

What is the nuclear envelope structure

Answer 10

-Has pores
-Double membrane
- both the inner and outer membranes are phospholipid bilayers

Question 11

Nuclear envelope function

Answer 11

Pores control the passage of ions, molecules and RNA between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm

Question 12

Nucleus structure

Answer 12

-Has nucleolus
- nucleoplasm has chromatin and nucleolus
- has linear chromosomes that are made of DNA

Question 13

Nucleus function

Answer 13

DNA in the nucleus contains a set of instructions for the synthesis of proteins

Question 14

Nucleolus structure

Answer 14

-Dense body in the nucleus
-made of proteins,RNA and DNA
-largest sub structure in the nucleus

Question 15

Nucleolus function

Answer 15

Site where ribosomes are made

Question 16

Mitochondria function

Answer 16

Produces ATP via aerobic respiration

Question 17

Mitochondria structure

Answer 17

-Double membrane
- has own ribosomes and DNA
-area surrounded by folds is the mitochondria matrix which has enzymes for respiration
-each membrane is a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins
- inner layer of membrane has folds called cristae

Question 18

Function of chloroplasts

Answer 18

Photosynthesis

Question 19

Structure of chloroplast

Answer 19

-own DNA,ribosomes and outer membranes
- double membrane
- inside the inner membrane there are fluid filled sacs called thylakoids and each sac is called by granum which are linked by lamelle

Question 20

Golgi apparatus structure

Answer 20

-series of flattened membrane-bound sacs called cristae
-Single membrane

Question 21

Function of Golgi apparatus

Answer 21

Takes proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and modify them by adding things like carbohydrates to these proteins

Question 22

Ribosomes function

Answer 22

Site of protein synthesis

Question 23

Ribosomes structure

Answer 23

-found in cytoplasm or bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
-small
- made of proteins

Question 24

Lysosomes structure

Answer 24

-Has hydrolytic enzymes which break down molecules/damaged cell components
- involved in phagocytosis

Question 25

Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 25

Processes and folds proteins

Question 26

Function of flagella and cilla

Answer 26

-locomotion( ways organisms move from one place to another) they beat to propel cell through the fluid

Question 27

Structure of flagella and cilla

Answer 27

Composed of microtubles made from tublin arranged in a specific pattern

Question 28

Function of centrioles

Answer 28

Help chromosomes separate during cell division

Question 29

Structure of centrioles

Answer 29

-Most eukaryotic centrioles are found as pairs and a parallel to each other -made up of nine bundles of Microtubules -cylinder shape -composed mainly of a protein called Tubulin

Question 30

What are plasmids

Answer 30

Small circular loops of DNA in prokaryotic cells

Question 31

Plasmid role

Answer 31

Carry additional genes such as antibiotic resistance genes

Question 32

What are cell walls made up of in prokaryotic cells

Answer 32

Murein

Question 33

What is the relative ribosome size in prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

Answer 33

Pro= 70S Eu = 80S

Question 34

flagellum function?

Answer 34

for locomotion

Question 35

What may occur when there is an unfolding of plasma membrane?

Answer 35

may form a photosynthetic membrane or carry out nitrogen fixation

Question 36

Pilli function?

Answer 36

for attachment to other cells or surfaces Involved in sexual reproduction

Question 37

Capsule function?

Answer 37

Additional protection

Question 38

Mesosome function?

Answer 38

infolding of plasma membrane associated with DNA during cell division helps with formation of new cell walls

Question 39

What are plasmids used in?

Answer 39

Genetic engineering

Question 40

How is DNA packaged in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 40

DNA is associated with histones (proteins) to form chromatin This is then supercoiled into chromosomes

Question 41

Organelle?

Answer 41

Section of cell with specific function

Question 42

What are advantages of having organelles?

Answer 42

Compartmentalising the cell allows for distinct environments (for specific enzymes for a function)

Question 43

Vesicles function?

Answer 43

Used in transport of materials (protein) via fluid in membrane

Question 44

Cytoskeleton function?

Answer 44

Network of fibres responsible for shape and stability of the cell Controls movement of cell and organelles

Question 45

Cytoskeleton structure?

Answer 45

3 components Microfilaments Microtubules Intermediate fibres

Question 46

Cytoskeleton microfilaments?

Answer 46

Contrile fibres responsible for cell movement and contraction in cytokinesis

Question 47

Cytoskeleton microtubules?

Answer 47

Used to form scaffold like structure Tracks movement of organelles

Question 48

Cytoskeleton intermediate fibres?

Answer 48

Gives mechanical strength to cell Maintains their integrity

Question 49

What organelles are involved in protein synthesis? IN ORDER

Answer 49

Nucleus Nucleus envelope Nuclear pores RER Ribosomes Vesicles Goigi apparatus Cell surface membrane

Question 50

what are the cytoskeletons functions

Answer 50

-provide support/ stability for the whole cell -movement of Cilla and flagellum -changing shape of cell -movement of named (organelles)

Question 51

processes in cells that rely on cytoskeleton for movement

Answer 51

-RNA in protein synthesis -cytoplasm in cytokinesis chromosome in cell division

Question 52

How does the cytoskeleton move organelles around the cell

Answer 52

through the microtublin