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BIOPHYSICS LECTURE > MODULE 2 (SET B) > Flashcards

MODULE 2 (SET B) Flashcards

1
Q

Each individual molecule in the complex

A

subunits

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2
Q

large complex protein that carries oxygen from our lungs, through our blood, to the cells in our body

A

hemoglobin

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3
Q

hemoglobin is made up of ______________________ that bind together

A

four subunit proteins

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4
Q

hemoglobin consists of protein subunits

A

globin molecules

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5
Q

smaller molecule or atom that binds to a larger molecule

A

ligand

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6
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: When oxygen binds to hemoglobin, the oxygen is considered ligand.

A

TRUE

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7
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The binding of O2 to the heme changes the whole structure of hemoglobin.

A

TRUE

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8
Q

Two major conformations of hemoglobin/ states of hemoglobin

A

T-state and R-state

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9
Q

studies how molecules move around within cells and how molecules move from outside a cell to inside a cell and vice versa

A

Diffusion and Molecular Transport

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10
Q

process of molecules spreading out, as a result of random motion

A

Diffusion

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11
Q

Molecules move from a region of ___________________________

A

higher concentration to lower concentration

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12
Q

studying ligand binding seek to measure and understand

A

forces and energy;
interaction between multiple binding sites;
how changes to the molecules affect binding;
relationship between binding and conformational transition;
relationship between binding and biological function;
competition between the different ligands; rate at which binding occurs

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13
Q

primary means of molecules moving around within a cell

A

Diffusion

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14
Q

movement of substances like ions, atoms, and molecules from an area of their higher concentration to lower concentration without the involvement of any other molecules like a carrier protein

A

Simple Diffusion

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15
Q

It is a natural phenomenon where the particles move along a concentration gradient in a solution through a semipermeable membrane to attain equilibrium on both sides

A

Simple Diffusion

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16
Q

passive transport and no energy expenditure

A

Simple Diffusion

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17
Q

cannot be inhibited by an inhibitor molecule because of the absence of carrier proteins

A

Simple Diffusion

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18
Q

non-specific to any particle

A

Simple Diffusion

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19
Q

slow process

A

Simple Diffusion

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20
Q

Examples of Simple Diffusion

A

Gas Exchange; Absorption of Nutrients

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21
Q

a type of diffusion occurring in living cells where the molecules move from the region of their higher concentration to lower concentration guided by a helper protein molecule

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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22
Q

Usually an integral membrane protein that forms a pore or channel in the cell membrane

A

helper protein

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23
Q

passive transport mechanism and requires no energy

A

Facilitated Diffusion

24
Q

spontaneous process in which charged ions or molecules are transported across the lipid-based cell membrane via a carrier transmembrane protein molecule

A

Facilitated Diffusion

25
Q

selective process, allowing only selective molecules and ions to pass, denying others

A

Facilitated Diffusion

26
Q

random motion of molecules

A

Brownian Motion

27
Q

transports large charged ions, small molecules, proteins, and other solutes

A

Facilitated Diffusion

28
Q

Examples of Facilitated Diffusion

A

Transport of glucose with glucose transporter

Passage of water across the lipid bilayer (aquaporins)

Selective transport of ions (ion channels)

29
Q

Factors affecting the motion of molecules

A

Temperature
Concentration
Distance
Size of the Molecules

30
Q

main components that make up all cell membranes

A

lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

31
Q

limit and control the movement of molecules into and out of the cell and from one region of the cell to another

A

Membranes

32
Q

hollow spheres of artificial membrane that can be made from various types of lipids

A

Lipid Vesicles

33
Q

branch of biophysics that studies the physics of DNA and RNA

A

DNA and Nucleic Acid Biophysics

34
Q

can act on its own as a catalyst for certain chemical reactions

A

RNA

35
Q

what is the function of the double-helix in DNA?

A

helps protect the genetic code from damage

36
Q

proteins surrounding the DNA also confer

A

additional protection against enzymatic attack

37
Q

is the biochemical that makes up our genes and controls our physical heredity

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

38
Q

the helix of a helix is called

A

superhelix

39
Q

the process of forming a superhelix in DNA

A

supercoiling

40
Q

Supercoiling of double helix is a

A

tertiary structure

41
Q

DNA superhelix wraps itself around protein complexes known as histones

A

quaternary structure

42
Q

long-term storage for genetic information; transmission of genetic information to make other cells and new organisms

A

DNA

43
Q

directly codes for amino acids and act as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes to make proteins

A

RNA

44
Q

B-form double helix; double stranded molecule consisting a long chain of nucleotides

A

DNA

45
Q

A-form helix; single stranded helix consisting of shorter chains of nucleotides

A

RNA

46
Q

DNA components

A

deoxyribose sugar
phosphate backbone
Adenine- Thymine
Guanine -Cytosine

47
Q

RNA components

A

ribose sugar
phosphate backbone
Adenine- Uracil
Guanine - Cytosine

48
Q

bonds that make DNA stable, and destroys enzymes that would attack DNA

A

C-H bonds

49
Q

serve as protection, providing minimal space for enzymes to attach

A

small grooves

50
Q

bonds in the ribose of RNA that makes the molecule more reactive; unstable under alkaline conditions

A

O-H bonds

51
Q

it makes the molecule susceptible to enzyme attack

A

large grooves

52
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: RNA is susceptible to UV damage.

A

FALSE

53
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Compared with DNA, RNA is relatively resistant to UV damage.

A

TRUE

54
Q

deoxygenated Hb, low affinity state

A

T- state

55
Q

oxygenated Hb, high affinity state

A

R-state

56
Q

structural transition of hemoglobin

A

T-state to R-state

BIOPHYSICS LECTURE (5 decks)

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