Module 2: Thorax & Spine Flashcards
(77 cards)
1
Q
tell me about c1 and c2
A
c1= atlas & toppiest
c2 = axis & pokeyiest spinous process
yes and no
2
Q
biggest vertebral foramen?
A
atlas, gets smaller as down
3
Q
what special ab atlas superior facets
A
where occipital condyles of skull attach
4
Q
how hanging death?
A
snap at axis lamina (-|- transverse and spinous process), hyperextension & break of c2
5
Q
what is peg of c2 that c1 sits on?
A
odontois process or dens, “no” peg
6
Q
c3-c7 body
A
- wider than deep
- superior = concave
- inferior = convex
^ :. sit together
7
Q
c3-c7 facets
A
superior facets = point sup and pos
inferior facets = point inf and ant
:. sit diagonally together
8
Q
which section of verte have transverse foramen for vertebral vein & artery
A
c3-c7
9
Q
what about anterior tubercle
A
small or absent in c7
10
Q
spinous process of c3-c7
A
pre much horizontal
11
Q
thoracic spinous process
A
t1-t4 = horizontal t5-t12 = more verical
12
Q
thoracic vertebrae facets
A
- sup & inf facets fit diagonally
- costal facets = rib attachments
13
Q
thoracic vertebral body
A
bigger and thicker than cervical, not as big as lumbar
14
Q
thoracic vertebrae characteristics
A
t1-t4 = share cervical characteristics
t5-8 = ribs
t9-t12= share lumbar characteristics
- no inf costal facets (past ribs)
- body gets bigger to support weight
-t12 = most commonly fractured vertebrae
-biggest t vert, so like can support weight but like not
enough that it sometimes gets
15
Q
lumbar vertebrae body
A
biggest (surface, height, width) for weight support
16
Q
lumbar vertebrae facets
A
sup = med
inf = lat
\:. diagonally
- grip allow extend/flex back rotation
-bc ^ stability (also decre mobility)
17
Q
what is mammilary process
A
lumbar vertebrae, on lamina
muscle insertion site
18
Q
what makes up thoracic wall/cage
A
sternum, manubrium, ribs (costal joints), vertebral column (t1-t12), diaphragm (inferior aperture), head & neck (superior aperture)
19
Q
true ribs
A
ribs 1-7, attach directly to sternum/sternocostal joint
20
Q
false ribs
A
ribs 8-12, connect via cartilage/costochondral joints
21
Q
floating ribs
A
ribs 11&12 (sometimes 10, check via chest x-ray), don’t connect in front of thorax
22
Q
manubrium, sternum, & xiphoid process + ribs - how all connect?
A
rib 1 attach manubrium
rib 2 = -|- manu + stern
rib 3-6 = body of stern
rib 7 + 8-10 cartilage = xiphoid
23
Q
atypical ribs
A
1, 2, 11, 12
24
Q
rib 1
A
shortest
broadest
sharpest curve
1 facet on vertebral end
25
rib 2
thin, small curve, serratus anterior
26
all ribs boney landmarks
sternal end w costal cartilage, angle w serratus anterior, @ vertebral end = head, neck, tubercle
27
spine curvatures
- cervical lordosis
- thoracic kyphosis
- lumbar lordosis
- sacral kyphosis
* when all together big flex, individ v little flex
* small at cervical get bigger and bigger to L5 then smaller to coccyx
- bc weight is tranferred to hips
28
vertebral column flexion muscles
rectus abdominus
int & ext obliques
(if legs fixed) iliopsoas
29
vertebral column extension muscles
erector spinae
transversospinalis
(if arm is fixed) latissimus dorsi
30
vertebral column rotation muscles
```
(opp side)
- ext obliques
- multifidi
(same side)
- int oblique
```
31
vertebral column lateral flexion muscles
```
iliocostalis
int & ext oblq
latissimus dori (assist)
```
32
rib/thorax elevation/expansion muscles
```
scalenes
serratus posterior superior
(fixed scapula)
- pec minor
- serratus anterior
```
33
ribs/thorax depression/collapse
serratus posterior inferior
| internal intercostals
34
erector spinae group (names + action)
- spinalis
- longissimus
- iliocostalis
* unilat = laterally flex to same side
* bilat = extend
35
spinalis (O+I)
O
- thoracis = spinous process upper lumbar & lower thoracic vert
- cervicis = ligamentum nuchae & spinous c7
I
- thoracis = spinous process upper thoracic
- cervicis = spinous processe cervicals (sauf c1)
36
longissimus (O+I)
O
- thoracis = common tendon
- cervicis and capitis = transvers process t1-t5
I
- thoracis = lower 9 ribs & transvers process of t vert
- cervicis = transvers process of c vert
- capitis = mastoid process of temporal bone
37
iliocostalis (O+I)
O
- lumborum = common tendon
- thoracis & cervicis = pos serface ribs 1-12
I
- lumborum = transverse process L1-L3 & posterior surface ribs 1-6
- thoracis = pos surface rib 1-6
- cervicis = transvers process lower c vert
38
transversospinalis group
multifidi
rotatores
semispinalis capitis
39
multifidi (O+I+action)
- unilat = rotation vert col to opp side
- bilat = extend vert col
- O = sacrum & transverse process of L and C vert
- I = spinous process L-c2 vert
- span 2-4 vert
40
rotatores (O+I+action)
- unilat = rotate vert col opp side
- bilat = extend vert col
- O = transverse process L-C vert
- I = spinous process L-c2 vert
- 1-2 vert
- deep to multifidi
41
semispinalis capitis (O+I+action)
- extend vert col & head
- O = transverse process c4-t5
- I = -|- sup & inf nuchal lines of occiput
- speed bumps on back of neck
42
```
quadratus lumborum (I+O+A)
+ 2 fun fact
```
- deepest abdominals
- hip hike & ball room dancing
(unilat)
- laterally tilt pelvis
- laterally flex vert col same side
- (assist) extend vert col
(bilat)
- fix last rob w forced breathing
O = posterior iliac spine
I = rib 12, transverse process L1-4
43
what are the abdominals
rectus
external O
internal O
transverse
44
```
rectus abdoninis (I+O+A)
+ 1 fun fact
```
- flex vert col
- tilt pelvis posteriorly
O = pubic crest, pubis symphysis
I = cartilage of rib 5,6,7 & xiphiod process
* 3x wider @ top (insertion) than bottom (origin)
45
```
external obliques (I+O+A)
+ fiber direction & 1 fun fact
```
- unilat = lat flex vert col to same side, rotate vert col to op side
- bilat = flex vert col, compress abdom contents
O = external surfaces rib 5-12
I = anterior part of iliac crest, rectus sheath to linea alba
* hand in pocket
* almost vert @ bott (instertion) & almost horizontal @ top (origin)
46
```
internal oblique (I+O+A)
+ direction & placement
```
- unilat = lat flex vert col to same side; rotate vert col to same side
- bilat = flex vert col; comp vert col
O = lateral inguinal lig, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia
I = internal surface of lower 3 ribs, rectus sheath to linea alba
* hands to chest
* superiormedial
47
```
transverse abdominis (I+O+A)
+ 1 fun fact
```
- compress abdominal contents
O = lat inguinal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fasica & internal surface of ribs 6-12
I = rectus sheath to linea alba
+ drives internal pressure to prevent injury
48
diaphragm (I+O+A)
- draw down = central tendon of diaphragm to increa vol of thoracic cavity during inhalation
O
- costal attachment = inner surface rib 6-12
- lumbar attachment = L1&2-3
- sternal attachment = inner part of xiphoid process
I = central tendon
* invol contract = hiccup
49
intercostals (I+O+A)
- external inter = draw ribs sup (incre vol thoracic cav) assist w inhalation
- internal inter = draw ribs inf (decre vol throacic cav) assist w exhalation
O = inferior border of rib above
I = superior border of rib above
50
serratus posterior superior (I+O+A)
- elevate ribs inhalation
O = spinous processes C7-T3
I = posterior surface ribs 2-5
51
serratus posterior inferior (I+O+A)
- depress ribs exhalation
O = spinous processes T12-L3
I = posterior surface rib 9-12
52
intertraversarii (O+I+A)
| + 1 fun fact & function
- unilat = lat flex to same side
- bilat = extend vert col
O (bottom)
- cervical = transverse processes C2-C7
- Lumbar = transverse processes L1-L5
I (top)
- cervical = transverse processes C2-C7
- Lumbar = transverse processes L1-L5
* too deep to palpate
* no thoracic bc ribs on trans pro
* O on bottom of ea trans pro and I on top :. pull up
53
interspinalis (O+I+A)
| + fun fact & function
```
- extend vert col
O (bottom)
- cervical = spinous process C2-T3
- lumbar = spinous process T12-L5
I (top)
- cervical = spinous process C2-T3
- lumbar = spinous process T12-L5
* too deep to palpate
* O on inf aspect of spin pro and I on sup aspect of spin pro :. pull up
```
54
Trapezius action
```
Upper fibers
- bilat = extend head and neck
- unilat = lat flex head and neck same side, rotate head and neck to op side, elevate scap, upwardly rotate scal
Middle fibers
- adduct scap
- stabilize scap
Lower fibers
- depress scap
- upwardly rotate scap
```
55
Trapezius (I+O+N)
| + function
```
O
- external occipital protuberance
- medial portion of sup nuchal line of occiput
- ligamentum nuchae
- spinous processes c7-t12
I
- lat 1/2 of clavicle
- acromion
- spine of scap
N
- spinal portion of cranial nerve XI (accessory)
- ventral ranus C2,3,4
* shrug to test innervation
connect pectoral girdle to trunk
```
56
```
latissimus dorsi (I+O+A)
+ palpate & fun fact
```
- extend, adduct, medially rotate shoulder
- directly affect humerus; indirect = scap (downward rotation)
O
- inf angle scap
- spin pro T6-12
- ribs 8/9-12
- thoracolumbar fascia
- posterior iliac crest
I = intertubercular groove of humerus
* palpate = in axillary fold (climbers, pull downs), ouchie spot
* widest of back
57
```
rhomboid major (O+I+A)
+ describe
```
- adduct, elevate, downwardly rotate scap
- forcefully lower arms
O = spin pro T2-5
I = med border scap -|- scap spine & inf ang
* thin, fat, 2x wider than minor
58
```
rhomboid minor (O+I+A)
+ describe & how test
```
- adduct, elevate, downwardly rotate scap
O = spin pro C7-T1
I = upper portion med border scap, across scap spine
* test = hands on hips and push elbows back, client resist
* thicker (than major), deep to trap, harder to palpate (than major)
59
levator scapula (O+I+A)
```
unilat
- elevate & downwardly rotate scap
- lat flex head & neck
- rotate head and neck to same side
bilat = extend head and neck
O= trans pro of C1-4
I = med bord scap, -|- sup ang & sup portion cap spine
```
60
```
serratus anterior (I+O+A)
* fun fact & function
```
```
w O fixed
- abduct, upwardly rotate, and depress scap
- pull medial bord of scap to rib cage
w scap fixed = maybe elevate thorax w forced inhalation
O = external surfaces ribs 1-8/9
I = anterior surface med bord scap
* antagonist to rhomboids
* rib abs
* antagonist to rhomboids
```
61
connecting ligaments on spine (LN+SL) (+ connections)
```
ligamentum nuchae
- external occipital protuberance & spin pros c1-c7
-back of neck line boy
surpaspinous ligament
- cont after lig nu is done
- spin pros c7- sacrum
```
62
what be thoracolumbar fascia
- almost diamond ligament fascia on back
- t9-sacrum
- anchors = lat dorssi & erectors
63
joints of spine and thorax
- craniovertebral (head/neck)
- intervertebral (vert-vert)
- costovertebral (rib-spine)
- sternocostal (rib-sternum)
64
things about craniovertebral joint
atlantooccipital = c1 + occipital condyles
- nod yes + lat flex
- capsule of joint
atlantoaxial = c1+c2
- inf/sup facets c1&c2 + medial facet & dens = no pivot
- pivot joint
- capsule of joint
65
intervertebral joints structures and ligs
- intervertebral disc
- weak interspinous ligament (-|- spin pros)
- strong supraspinous ligament (on top/overlay spin pros)
- above = nuchea ligamentum
- ant/pos longitudinal lig
- ligamentum flavum (-|- ant aspect of spin pro_
- gets thicker from C-T-L
- decrea injury risk
66
costovertebral joint ligaments
- lateral costotransverse ligament = connect rib tubercle to vert via trans pros; increa ant/pos strength
- superior costotransverse ligament = connect rib to trans pro above
- costotransverse ligament = connect neck of rib tp trans pro
67
movement of thoracic vert vs lumbar vert
```
t = rotation
l = flex/lat
```
68
how do ribs move while breathing (anology)
like a bucket handle
69
muscles for quiet/invol expiration
relaxation of diaphragm & external intercostals
(elastic recoil of thoracic wall, lungs, & bronchi)
(gravity)
(internal intercostals)
70
muscles for forced/vol expiration
```
internal intercostals (biggest boy)
(-rectus abdominis)
(-external & internal obliques)
(- quadratus lumborum)
(- transvers abdominis)
(-serratus posterior inferior)
```
71
muscle for quiet/invol inspiration
diaphragm
| external intercostals
72
muscles for deep (invol) inspiration
muscles of quiet inhale +
- sternocleidomastoid
- scalenes
- pectoralis major
- levator costarum
- serratus posterior superior
73
muscles for forced/vol inspiration
muscles for quiet + deep inhale +
- levator scapula
- upper trap
- rhomboids
- pec minor
74
which trunk muscles are used most when walking
erectors and abdominals
| some extensors
75
rib 1-6 sternocostal joint ligs + structural sitch
rib 1 = on manubrium
- costoclavicular ligament = rib 1 to clavicle
- interclavicular ligament = clavicle to manubrium to clavicle
- articular disc = -|- clav & manubrium
rib 2 = on manubrium-sternal body junction
rib 1-6 = on sternal body
- costal cartilages
- radiate ligaments = costal cartilages to sternal body (sternocostal joint location)
- articular cavities = cav at stern & cart junction
76
rib 7-10 sternocostal joint ligs + structural sitch
rib 7-10 = on xiphoid via conjoined cartilage
- (still costal cartilages)
- costoxiphoid ligament = rib cartilage to xiphoid process
77
dislocated vs separated rib
- dislocated rib = dislocation of specifically the sternocostal joint
- separated rib = separation of cartilage
