Module 21

Question 1

Propulsion includes swallowing which is a voluntary process which is followed by ______ which is an involuntary process

Answer 1

Peristalsis

Question 2

This is during mechanical digestion and is the rhythmic local constrictions of the small intestine, this mixes food with digestive juices and increses the efficiency of absorption.

Answer 2

Segmentation

Question 3

Chemical digestion is a series of catabolic steps that breaks down complex foods to their chemical building blocks by enzymes secreted into the ____ of the alimentary canal

Answer 3

lumen

Question 4

This is the passage of digested end products plus vitamins minerals and water from the lumen of the GI tract through the muscoal cells by active or passive transport into blood or lymph, usually occurs in small intestine

Answer 4

Absorption

Question 5

What are all of the parts of the alimentary canal?

Answer 5

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

Question 6

This part of the abdominopelvic cavity is the most extensive of the membranes, known as the full product

Answer 6

Peritoneum

Question 7

This peritoneum covers the external surfaces of most digestive organs

Answer 7

Visceral peritoneum

Question 8

This is the inner layer of the peritoneum that lines the inside of the cavity walls

Answer 8

Parietal peritoneum

Question 9

What is the space called in between the visceral/parietal layers?

Answer 9

Peritoneal cavity

Question 10

This is a double layer of the peritoneum, which is a sheet of two serous membranes fused back to back that extends to the digestive organs from the body wall

Answer 10

Mesentery

ex is greater omentum

Question 11

What do mesentaries do?

Answer 11

Provide routes for blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics to reach digestive viscera, hold organs in place and store fat

Question 12

What are the four layers of the digestive canal membrane from inferior to superior?

Answer 12

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Externis
Serosa

Question 13

This layer is responsible for lining the lumen from the mouth to the anus, to secrete mucus, digestive enzymes and hormones, to absorb the end product of digestion into the blood, and to protect against disease

Answer 13

mucosa

Question 14

What are the three layers of the mucosa from inferior to superior

Answer 14

Epithelium
Lamina propria
and muscularis mucosae

Question 15

What sub-layer of the mucosa is known to be apart of MALT?

Answer 15

Lamina Proprita

Question 16

This layer of the digestive tract is responsible for containing a rich blood supply, lymphatics, lymphatic follicles, and nerve fibers, supplies the surrounding layers with blood

Answer 16

Submucosa Layer

Question 17

This layer of the digestive tract is responsible for the segmentation and peristalsis, it has an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer

Answer 17

Muscularis Externa

Question 18

This is the protective outer most layer of the digestive tract layers and is responsible for the protection and is also the same layer as the known visceral layer

Answer 18

Serosa

Question 19

This is a mucosa linned cavity that is also called the oral cavity or the buccal cavity, its boundaries are the lips cheeks and tongue

Answer 19

Mouth

Question 20

Which muscles of the tongue are known to allow it to change shape

Answer 20

Intrinsic muscles

Question 21

Which muscles of the tongue alter its position?

Answer 21

Extrinsic muscles

Question 22

This is a secretion known to cleanse the mouth, dissolve food chemicals, moisten food to compact it into a bolus and enzyme containing

Answer 22

Salvia

Question 23

Most salvia is produced in these gland, they are the parotid, sublingual and submandibular glands

Answer 23

Exrtinsic Salvia glands

Question 24

These salvia glands are scattered throughout the oral cavity and are also called buccal glands

Answer 24

Intrinsic saliva Glands

Question 25

Salvia is slightly ____ and contains many electrolytes even though its mostly made up of water

Answer 25

acidic

Question 26

The first set of teeth are known as ______, _______ or _____ teeth and how many of them are there?

Answer 26

Baby Milk Deciduous 20

Question 27

When of age, a person develops ___ adult or permanent teeth after the roots of milk teeth are dissolved and fall out

Answer 27

32

Question 28

These types of teeth are adapted for cutting or nipping off pieces of food

Answer 28

incisors

Question 29

These teeth are fang like and are used to tear and pierce things

Answer 29

canines

Question 30

These two types of teeth have broad crowns with rounded cusps and are best suited for grinding and crushing, they lock together for extreme crushing pressure

Answer 30

Premolars and Molars

Question 31

From the mouth, the food runs posteriorly into the orthopharynx and then the _______

Answer 31

Laryngopharynx

Question 32

The mucosa of the pharynx contains a mucosa that has friction-resistant tissue that contains two skeletal muscle layers, these mucles ____ food

Answer 32

Propel Food

Question 33

This is a muscular tube that carries food down into the stomach, it is collapsed when there is no food in it

Answer 33

Esophagus

Question 34

The esophagus joins at the stomach at the cardiac _____ within the abdominal cavity.

Answer 34

Orifice

Question 35

The cardiac orifice joins with the stomach but is surrounded by the _____________ sphincter which acts as a valve and stays closed when food is not in the esophagus

Answer 35

Gastroesophageal Sphinctor

Question 36

Where in the body is the stomach located?

Answer 36

The upper left quadrant of the peritoneal cavity

Question 37

When the stomach is empty, it collapses inward throwing its mucosa into large longitudinal folds called what?

Answer 37

Rugae

Question 38

What is the beginning of the stomach called?

Answer 38

Cardia

Question 39

What is the dome shaped part of the stomach tucked beneath the the diaphragm

Answer 39

Fundus

Question 40

What is the valve at the end of the stomach called?

Answer 40

Pyloric Valve

Question 41

What cells in the digestion mucosa that is found in the neck region of the glands and produce a thick soluble mucus

Answer 41

Mucous Neck Cells

Question 42

These cells of the stomach are found mainly in the middle region of the glands scattered among chief cells that secrete HCL and intrinsic factor which makes the stomach acid extremely acidic , to activate pepsin

Answer 42

Parietal Cells

Question 43

These occur mainly in basal region of the gastric gland, they produce pepsinogen which is an inactive form of pepsin

Answer 43

Chief Cells

Question 44

These cells are usually located deep in the gastric glands and release a variety of chemical messages directly into the fluid of the lamina Proprita, some examples are histamine and serotonin. And Gastrin

Answer 44

Enterendocrine cells

Question 45

Where does protein digestion occur?

Answer 45

Stomach

Question 46

What is the only stomach function essential to life?

Answer 46

Intrinsic factor

Question 47

Intrinsic factor is required for intestinal absorption of which vitamin?

Answer 47

B-12 | making of red blood cells

Question 48

The site of production of this hormone is in the stomach mucosa, by the G cells, the stimulus is food in the stomach, ACl released by nerve fibers, the target organ is the majority of the digestive organs, stimulates gastric emptying, relaxes illocecal valve

Answer 48

Gastrin

Question 49

This hormone is produced in the stomach mucosa, its stimulated by food being in the stomach, its target organ is the stomach, it activates parietal cells to release HCl

Answer 49

Histamine

Question 50

This hormone is produced in the stomach mucosa, stimulated by food in the stomach, causes contractions of the stomach

Answer 50

Serotonin

Question 51

This enzyme released is found in infants who secrete this as well as pepsin, it acts on milk products

Answer 51

Renin

Question 52

What is the bodies major digestive organ ?

Answer 52

Small Intestines

Question 53

The small intestine is considered from the ______ sphincter to the _______ valve/sphincter

Answer 53

Pyloric | Ileocecal

Question 54

What are the three subsections of the small intestines?

Answer 54

Duodenum Jejunum Ileum

Question 55

The bile duct, coming from the liver, and the main pancreatic duct, unite at the wall of the duodenum in a bulblike point called the _______ _______

Answer 55

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

Question 56

These are fingerlike projection of the mucosa, in the core is a dense capillary bed called a lacteal, this is where digested food is absorbed

Answer 56

Villi

Question 57

Exceptionally long and densely packed, these absorbtive cells give the mucosal surface the known brush border which complete digestion of carbs and proteins in the small intestine

Answer 57

Mircovilli

Question 58

These primarily secrete substances, intestinal jucies which is a watery substance containing mucus that serves as a carrier fluid for absorbing nutrients from chyme.

Answer 58

Intestinal Crypts or | Crypts of Lieberkuhn

Question 59

The _____ ______ increase in abundance toward the end of the small intestine, they release IgA which helps fight bacteria

Answer 59

Peyers Patches

Question 60

_______ glands are found in the submucosa of the duodeum only. They prodice alkaline mucus that helps to neutralize the the acidic chyme moving in from the stomach

Answer 60

Dudenal

Question 61

From the illeocecal valve to the anus, absorbs the remaining water

Answer 61

Large Intestines

Question 62

The reduced three band structure of the longitudinal muscle layer is called what?

Answer 62

Teniae Coli

Question 63

The tone of Teniae coli causes the wall of the large intestine to pucker into pocketlike sacs called what?

Answer 63

Haustra

Question 64

Another unique feature of the small intestine is the small fat filled pouches of the visceral peritoneum that hang from its surface

Answer 64

Epiploic Appendages

Question 65

Mucus secreted by the ____ cells eases the passage of feces and protects the intestinal wall from acids and gases released by the bacterial flora

Answer 65

Goblet

Question 66

These are found in between the anal columns, they exude mucus when compressed by feces which aids in emptying the anal canal

Answer 66

Anal Sinuses

Question 67

What are the four lobes of the liver?

Answer 67

Right Left Caudate Quadrate

Question 68

The liver is composed of sesame sized functional units called what?

Answer 68

Liver Lobules

Question 69

Each liver lobule consists of liver plates or

Answer 69

Hepatocytes

Question 70

The hepatocytes radiate outward from the ______ vein

Answer 70

Central

Question 71

What three things make up the portal triad.

Answer 71

Hepatic artery Hepatic Vein Bile duct

Question 72

These remove debris such as bacteria and worn out blood cells from blood that flow past

Answer 72

Kupffer Cells

Question 73

Secreted bile flows through tiny canals called bile ______ that run between two adjacent hepatocytes toward bile ducts that branch into portal triads

Answer 73

Canaliculi

Question 74

The job of bile is to emulsify _____ with bile salts that break down different things that have been digested

Answer 74

Fats

Question 75

What are the two helpful componets of bile?

Answer 75

Bile salts and Phospholipids

Question 76

This organ stores bile that is not imedditialy needed for digestion, so it concentrates the bile well waiting to be needed for digestion

Answer 76

Gallbladder

Question 77

The gallbladder bile flows into its duct then into the ____ duct to then go into the pancreatic duct

Answer 77

Cystic

Question 78

The pancreas is located ____ to the greater curvature of the stomach

Answer 78

deep

Question 79

THis organ produces enzymes that break down all categories of food which then is delivered to the duodeum

Answer 79

Pancreas

Question 80

The exocrine product of the pancreas, called the _____ _____ drains from the pancreas via the centrally located main pancreatic duct

Answer 80

Pancreatic juice

Question 81

These mini endocrine glands release insulin and glucagon that play an important role in carbohydrate metabolism

Answer 81

Pancreatic Isets | Or Islets of Langerhans

Question 82

What cells produce the enzyme rich pancreatic juice? Exocrine

Answer 82

Acinar cells

Question 83

Trypsinogen is activated to _____ by brush border enzyme enteropeptidase

Answer 83

trypsin

Question 84

Procarboxypeptidase and chymotrypsinogen are activated by

Answer 84

trypsin

Question 85

Pancreatic juice is slight ______ with a pH of ___

Answer 85

Alkaline | 8

Question 86

The enzymes of the pancreatic gland are Amylase, lipases, nucleases are secreted in active form but require ___ or ____ for optimal activity

Answer 86

Ion | Bile

Question 87

___ induces the secretion of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice by acini, target organ is the liver/pancreas, and gallbladder, started by the duodenal mucosa, stimulus is the fatty chyme

Answer 87

CKK

Question 88

______ causes secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice by duct cells, stimulus is acidic chyme, causes increase of bile output

Answer 88

Secretin

Question 89

This increases the inhibitiaton of all products, inhibits contractions and bile release

Answer 89

Somatostatin

Question 90

This enzyme relaxes the Hepatopancreatic sphincter

Answer 90

CCK

Question 91

This substance secreted by the pancreas helps neutralizes bile

Answer 91

Bicarbonate

Question 92

This phase occurs before food enters the stomach, started by aroma, and vision of the food, this is the only conditioned reflex

Answer 92

Cephalic Reflex

Question 93

Once food enters the stomach, the ____ phase occurs and starts with

Answer 93

Gastric

Question 94

What are the gastrin secreted endocrine cells called?

Answer 94

G cells

Question 95

Where is ACh released?

Answer 95

Parasympathetic nerve fibers

Question 96

This phase of gastrin secretion has two components and they both happen when food comes into the small intestine from the stomach

Answer 96

Intestinal phase

Question 97

This sub phase of the intestinal phase is set into motion when partially digested food fills the duodenum of the small intestine

Answer 97

Excitatory

Question 98

The excitatory phase stimulates the intestinal mucosa cells to release _____ that encourages the gastric gland to continue to secrete

Answer 98

Gastrin

Question 99

What is the inhibitory component of the intestinal phase

Answer 99

Enterogastric reflex

Question 100

What are the three inhibit hormones?

Answer 100

Secretin CCK VIP