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A&PII Exam 3 Review > Module 23 > Flashcards

Module 23 Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

What two hormones does the kidney produce?

A

Renin and Erythropoetin

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2
Q

This is the outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that anchors the kidneys and adrenal gland to surrounding structures

A

Renal Fascia

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3
Q

A fatty mass that surrounds the kidney and cushions it against blows

A

Perirenal fat capsule

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4
Q

This layer of the kidney is a transparent layer that prevents the kidneys from getting infected by surrounding regions

A

Fibrous capsule

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5
Q

What nerve supplies action to the kidneys

A

Sympathetic

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6
Q

What is the renal corpuscle made of?

A

Glomerulus and its Glomerular capsule

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7
Q

This part of the nephron functions in reabsorption and secretion and is confined to the cortex

A

PCT

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8
Q

Which segment of the loop of Henle is freely permeable to water?

A

Decending limb

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9
Q

Which part of the nephron functions more in secretion than reabsorption, but is still confined to the cortex

A

DCT

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10
Q

These receive filtrate from many nephrons, they fuse together to deliver urine through the papillae into mini calyces

A

Collecting ducts

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11
Q

This cell of the collecting duct is known for maintaining the acid base balance of the body

A

Intercalated cells

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12
Q

This cell of the collecting ducts helps maintain the bodies water and salt balance

A

Principal cells

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13
Q

What is important in creating concentrated urine?

A

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

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14
Q

Why is blood pressure in the golmerulus high?

A

Because afferent arterioles are larger in diameter than efferent

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15
Q

High resistance in afferent and efferent arterioles cause blood pressure to ____

A

Decline

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16
Q

Resistance in afferent arterioles ______ glomerulos

A

Protects

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17
Q

Resistance in efferent arterioles _____ hydrostatic pressure in peritubular capillaries

A

reduces

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18
Q

There is one per neuron, important in the regulation of filtrate formation and blood pressure

A

Juxtaglomerular Appartatus (JGA)

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19
Q

These cells of the JGA are enlarged smooth muscle cells of the arteriole, they secrete renin and act as mechanorecptors that sense blood pressure

A

Granular Cells

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20
Q

These JGA cells are Tall, densely packed cells of the ascending limb that act as chemoreceptors that sense NaCl content of filtrate

A

Macula Densa

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21
Q

These cells of the JGA are interconnected with gap junctions that may pass signals between macula dense and granular cells

A

Extraglomerular mesangial cells

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22
Q

This is a porous membrane between the blood and the capsular space

A

Filtration membrane

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23
Q

The filtration membrane consists of: Fenestrated _______ of the glomerular capillaries

A

Endothelium

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24
Q

The filtration membrane consists of: _____ membrane of the glomerular capsule that has podocytes and filtration slits

A

Visceral

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25
The filtration membrane consists of: Gel-like _______ membrane fused with two other layers
Gel-Like
26
The filtration membrane allows passage of water and solutes but prevents filtration of ___
RBCs
27
This cell of the filtration membrane engulfs and degrades macromolecules and can contract to change the total surface available for filrtration
Golmerular mesangial cells
28
Primary site for glucose and amino acid reabsorption
PCT
29
The major substance reabsorbed here is water by osmosis
Desending Limb of Henle
30
Sodium is reabsorbed in this region
Ascending limb of Henle
31
Sodium and water are reabsorbed under hormonal influence in this region
DCT
32
This is a mechanism of urine formation that is a passive mechanical process driven by hydrostatic pressure
Glomerular Filtration
33
The _______ is a very efficient filter because its membrane is very permeable and has large surface area
Glomerulus
34
What blood pressure is higher than in other capillaries
Glomerular
35
What pressure is responsible for filtrate formation?
NFP
36
What two opposing forces determine NFR?
Colloid osmotic pressure of glomermular blood | Capsular hydrostatic pressure
37
What is the chief force of NFR?
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
38
This is the volume of filtrate formed per minute by the kidneys
Glomerular filtration rate
39
What are the three items that effect and govern GFR?
Total surface area Membrane permeability NFP
40
GFR is controlled by two types of mechanisms, intrinsic that act on _____ and extrinsic that act on ______ and _______ but do affect kidney function
Kidneys Nervous Endocrine
41
GFR intrinsic myogenic controls, when the blood pressure raises, there is a _______ of afferent arterioles
Constriction | helps maintain normal GFR and protects from damage from high BP
42
GFR intrsinic myogenic controls, when blood pressure lowers, there is a ______ of afferent arterioles
Dialation
43
Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism directed by what cell?
Macula Densa Cells
44
In Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism, is GFR increases, ^ _______
increases
45
Macula dense cells of the JGA response to high levels of NaCl by releasing chemicals that act on afferent arterioles that _______ and lower GFR
vasoconstrict
46
If there was low levels of NaCl, macula densa cells will release chemicals that will act on afferent arterioles and ________ which raises GFR
Vasodialates
47
At rest, renal blood vessels are constricted or dilated?
Dilated
48
Under extreme stress, what two hormones are released that that cause constriction of afferent arterioles, inhibiting filtration and triggering the release of renin
Nonepinephrine | Epinephrine
49
What is triggered when the granular cells of the JGA release renin?
Renin-angiotensin mechanism
50
When starting with angiotensinogen, what does it turn into when renin is released?
Angiotensin I
51
When having angiotensin I, what happens when ACE, or angiotensin converting enzyme is released, what is the end product?
Angiotensin II
52
Angiotensin II ______ arteriolar smooth muscle causing MAP to rise
Constricts
53
Angiotensin II stimulates the reabsorption of ___
Na+
54
This is a process of kidney physiology that returns all the glucose and amino acids, 99% water salt and other components of the blood.
Tubular Reabsorption
55
What are the two routes of the tubular reabsorption
Transcellular and Paracellular
56
This route of tubular reabsorption is luminal and basolateral membranes of tubule cells, endothelium of peritubular capillaries
Transcellular route
57
This route of the tubular reabsorption is limited to water movement and reabsorption of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and some Na+ in the PCT where tight junctions are leaky
Paracellular
58
What is the most abundant cation in filtrate?
Na+
59
Sodium reabsorption is transported by primary _____ transport in the basolateral membrane, Na+ passes in through the luminal membrane by _____ active transport or facilitated diffusion
Active | Secondary
60
What promotes bulk flow of water and solutes including Na+ in the peritubular capillaries? ______ hydrostatic pressure and ______colloid osmotic pressure
Low | High
61
This reflects the number of carriers in the renal tubules available
Transport maximum
62
When carriers are _____, excess substances are excreted
Saturated
63
Where is the site for most absorption: 65% Na+ and water, all nutrients and small proteins
PCT
64
What does the descending limb reabsorb?
H20
65
What does the ascending limb of Henle?
Na+, K+, Cl-
66
What two places is reabsorption is hormonally regulated?
DCT and collecting ducts
67
What is Ca2+ hormonally regulated by?
PTH
68
What is water hormonally regulated by?
ADH
69
What is aldosterone and ANP hormonally regulated by?
Na+
70
What does aldosterone target?
``` Collecting ducts (principal ducts) Distal DCT ```
71
This part of kidney physiology disposes of substances that are bound to plasma proteins, eliminates undesirable substances that have been passively reabsorbed (urea)
Tubular Secretion
72
Tubular secretion rids body of excess __ and controls blood __ by altering amounts of H+ or HCO3 in urine
K+ | pH
73
This occurs when fluid flows in opposite directions in two adjacent segments of the same tubule
Countercurrent Mechanism
74
Filtrate flow in the loop of hence is the countercurrent _______
Multiplier
75
Blood flow in the vasa recta is the countercurrent ______
exchanger
76
This allows kidneys to vary urine concentration
Countercurrent mechanism
77
___ triggers reabsorption of H20 in the collecting ducts
ADH
78
What percentage of urine is water and what percentage is solutes?
95% water | 5% solutes
79
What are three normal things to find in urine?
Urea Uric acid Creatine
80
As the bladder pressure increases, distal ends of the ureters ____, preventing blackflow of urine
Close
81
These are smooth triangular area outline by the openings for the ureters and the urethra, infections tend to persist in this region
Trigone
82
Is the internal or external sphincter of the urethra voluntary?
External
83
Which urethra carries two items, males or females?
Males Sperm Urine
84
What is Micturition?
Urinination

A&PII Exam 3 Review (2 decks)

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