Module 2.1

Question 1

Light microscope image properties

Answer 1

2D
Coloured
larger area viewed
Low magnification
Low resolution

Question 2

Light microscope benefits

Answer 2

Can view live specimens
Coloured
Can view whole specimens
Small/light/portable
No training needed
Cheap

Question 3

Transmission electron microscope image properties

Answer 3

2D
black and white
high resolution
high magnification

Question 4

scanning electron microscope image properties

Answer 4

3D
black and white
high resolution
high magnification

Question 5

Electron microscope benefits

Answer 5

Can view organelles
High magnification and resolution

Question 6

Electron microscope limitations

Answer 6

Expensive
Needs training
Large/heavy/cannot be moved
Specimen must be dead

Question 7

Light microscope limitations

Answer 7

Cannot view organelles
low magnification and resolution

Question 8

Why is staining used

Answer 8

To help distinguish between different elements within a cell and view cells which are colourless

Question 9

Magnification formula

Answer 9

magnification = image size/ actual size

Question 10

resolution definition

Answer 10

The ability to differentiate between points on an image

Question 11

Magnification definition

Answer 11

The amount of times larger an image appears compared to its actual size

Question 12

nucleus function

Answer 12

Control centre of the cell
Stores the genome
Transmits genetic information
Provides instructions for protein synthesis

Question 13

Nucleus structure

Answer 13

Has the nuclear envelope surrounding it
DNA organised in chromosomes around histone proteins

Question 14

Nuclear envelope function

Answer 14

control what enters the nucleus
Protects the genetic information from the rest of the cell
has nuclear pores for ribosomes and mRNA to leave through

Question 15

Nuclear envelope structure

Answer 15

Double membrane
Has holes in called nuclear pores for mRNA to leave through
Has areas where the 2 membranes fuse for ribosomes and dissolved substances to move through

Question 16

Rough endoplasmic reticulum function

Answer 16

Large surface area for ribosomes to lie on
Proteins actively pass through the membrane into cisternae to be transported to the Golgi
Transport system, cisternae from channels for substances to be transported from one area of the cell to another

Question 17

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum function

Answer 17

Has enzymes for lipid metabolism e.g. synthesis of cholesterol, steroid hormones and phospholipids
Involved in absorption, synthesis and transport of lipids from the gut

Question 18

Rough endoplasmic reticulum structure

Answer 18

System of membranes continuous with the nuclear envelope
Contain fluid filled cavities called cisternae
Has ribosomes lying on it surface

Question 19

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum structure

Answer 19

System of membranes continuous with the nuclear envelope
Fluid filled cavities called cisternae
Does not have ribosomes

Question 20

Golgi apparatus function

Answer 20

Modification of proteins e.g. adding lipids lipoprotein
Packages proteins into vesicles to travel to different part of the cell or the plasma membrane

Question 21

Golgi apparatus structure

Answer 21

System of membrane bound flattened sacs
Vesicles bring materials to and from the Golgi

Question 22

ribosome structure

Answer 22

made of 2 subunits which are joined together in the cytoplasm
Made from RNA

Question 23

Ribosome function

Answer 23

Protein synthesis
Translates mRNA sequence to form proteins from amino acids
on the RER proteins are mainly from extracellular proteins
in the cytoplasm mainly for intracellular proteins

Question 24

Nucleolus structure

Answer 24

No membrane surrounding it

Question 25

Nucleolus function

Answer 25

contains RNA synthesizes ribosome subunits

Question 26

Mitochondria structure

Answer 26

Double membrane, inner membrane is continuous with highly folded section called cristae Filled with fluid matrix

Question 27

Mitochondria function

Answer 27

Site of aerobic respiration to produce ATP Can self-replicate if the cell is in need of more energy Abundant in more metabolically active cells

Question 28

Lysosome structure

Answer 28

Vesicle containing powerful hydrolytic enzymes

Question 29

Lysosome function

Answer 29

Separates powerful enzymes from the rest of the cell Abundant in phagocytes which digest pathogens with the enzymes in lysosomes Can Digest old organelles and parts can be returned to the cell for re-use

Question 30

Chloroplast structure

Answer 30

Double membrane inner membrane continuous with flattened membrane sacs called thylakoids, stacks called grana Fluid matrix called stroma Contain chlorophyll, starch granules and DNA loops

Question 31

Chloroplast function

Answer 31

Site of photosynthesis

Question 32

Plasma membrane structure

Answer 32

made of phospholipid molecules

Question 33

plasma membrane function

Answer 33

separates the inside of the cell from the external environment Controls what goes in and out of the cell

Question 34

Centriole structure

Answer 34

made of 2 microtubule bundles perpendicular to each other Made of tubulin subunits

Question 35

Centriole function

Answer 35

Creates spindle fibres in mitosis and meiosis Creates cilia and undulipodia by lying under the plasma membrane and sprouting tubulin threads

Question 36

Cell wall structure

Answer 36

Made of cellulose in plants and chitin in fungi fully permeable Provides mechanical strength, cell shape,

Question 37

Flagella structure

Answer 37

protrusion from the cell surrounded by the plasma membrane formed from centrioles only seen in sperm in humans

Question 38

Flagella function

Answer 38

Aid cell movement

Question 39

Cilia structure

Answer 39

Protrusions from the cell surrounded by the plasma membrane Contain microtubules Formed from centrioles

Question 40

Cilia function

Answer 40

For receptors for cell to detect information about its environment In ciliated epithelial cells in the lungs to waft mucus out of the lungs

Question 41

Cytoskeleton role

Answer 41

Mechanical strength, transport within cells Cell movement

Question 41

Eukaryote and prokaryote similarities

Answer 41

Plasma membrane Ribosomes DNA RNA

Question 42

Eukaryote and prokaryotes differences eukaryotes have:

Answer 42

membrane bound organelles (nucleus, mitochondria etc.) Larger ribosomes (80S) DNA in chromosomes DNA around histone proteins Cellulose cell wall

Question 42

Eukaryote and prokaryotes differences eukaryotes have:

Answer 42

Naked DNA (no histones DNA in a loop Peptidoglycan cell wall Smaller ribosomes (70S) some have: pili, capsule, flagella

Question 43

What microscope has the highest magnification

Answer 43

Transmission electron microscope

Question 44

Vacuole structure

Answer 44

Surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast contains fluid

Question 45

Vacuole function

Answer 45

Maintains cell stability when full by pushing against cell wall making it turgid

Question 46

Cytoskeleton structure

Answer 46

microfilaments (actin) intermediate filaments microtubules (tubulin) motor proteins

Question 47

microfilament function

Answer 47

give support and mechanical strength stable cell shape cell movement

Question 48

Microtubule function

Answer 48

for tracks for motor proteins for movement of substances and organelles form the spindle form cilia and undulipodia help shape and support

Question 49

Intermediate filament function

Answer 49

anchor the nucleus within the cytoplasm enable cell signalling adhere cells to basement membrane, stabilising tissues