Module 2.1 - Cell structure and Microscopy Flashcards
What organelles to plant cells have extra that animal cells don’t?
> A cell wall with plasmodesmata (‘channels for exchanging substances with adjacent cells).
A permanent or large vacuole (compartment that contains cell sap).
Chloroplasts
What type of cells are both plant and animal cells?
Eukaryotic cells.
List all the organelles in a animal cell?
Plasma (cell surface) membrane, nucleus, lysosome, ribosome, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), vesicle, golgi apparatus, mitochondrion, centriole, cilia and flagellum.
What is the structure and function of a plasma membrane?
Structure - Consists of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
Function - Regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell and protects the cell from its surroundings. Also, has receptor molecules on it which allows it to respond to chemicals like hormones.
What is the structure and function of a cell wall?
Structure - A rigid structure that surrounds plant cells and is made mainly of the carbohydrate cellulose.
Function - Supports plant cells.
What is the structure of the nucleus?
Structure - A large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope (double membrane) which contains many pores. The nucleus contains chromatin (made from DNA and proteins) and a structure called the nucleolus (does’t have a membrane and contains RNA)
What is the function of the nucleus?
Function - Controls the cell’s activities, stores the organism’s genome, transmits genetic information, ribosomes are made in the nucleolus, nuclear envelope separates content of the nucleus from the rest of the cell and the pores allow substances (e.g. RNA) to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
What is the structure and function of lysosomes?
Structure - A round organelle surrounded by a membrane, with no clear internal structure.
Function - Contains digestive enzymes (hydrolytic) separate from the rest of the cell and can be used to digest invading cells or to break down worn out components of the cell (for reuse).
What is the structure of ribosomes?
Structure - A very small organelle (about 20 nm in diameter), made up of proteins and RNA, not surrounded by a membrane, made in nucleolus, some remain free in the cytoplasm and others attach to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
What is the function of ribosomes?
Function - The site of protein synthesis.
What is the structure and function of the RER?
Structure - A system of membranes containing fluid filled cavities (cisternae) and coated with ribosomes.
Function - Folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes.
What is the structure and the function of the SER?
Structure - Similar to the RER but with no ribosomes.
Function - Synthesises and processes lipids.
What is the structure and function of the vesicle?
Structure - A small fluid-filled sac in the cytoplasm, surrounded by a membrane.
Function - Transports substances in and out of the cell (via the plasma membrane) and between organelles.
What is the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus?
Structure - A group of fluid-filled, membrane-bound, flattened sacs. Vesicles are often seen at the edges of the sacs.
Function - It processes and packages new lipids and proteins. It also makes lysosomes.
What is the structure of mitochondrion?
Structure - Usually oval shaped but can be spherical/rod-shaped/branched, they have a double membrane - the inner one is folded to form structures called cristae, inside is the matrix (contains enzymes involved in respiration).
What is the function of the mitochondrion?
The site of aerobic respiration where ATP is produced . They’re found in large numbers in cells that are very active and require a lot of energy.
What is the structure of a chloroplast?
A small, flattened structure found in plant cells. Surrounded by a double membrane or envelope. Contain loops of DNA and starch grains.
What is the function of a chloroplast?
The site where photosynthesis takes place. Some parts happen in the grana, and other parts in the stroma.
What is the structure and the function of centrioles?
Structure - Small, hollow cylinders, made of microtubules . Found in animal cells and some plant cells.
Function - Involved with the separation of chromosomes during cell division and the formation of cilia and undulipodia.
What is the structure and function of the cilia?
Structure - Small, hair-like structures found on the surface membrane of some animal cells and each contain protein microtubules.
Function - The microtubules allow the cilia to move, this movement is used by the cell to move substances along the cell surface.
What is the structure and function of the cytoskeleton?
Structure - A network of protein structures within the cytoplasm.
Function - Give support and mechanical strength, keep the cells shape stable and allow cell movement.
What is the structure and function of the flagellum?
Structure - Like cilia but longer, stick out from the cell’s surface.
Function - The microtubules contract to make the flagellum move. Flagella are used like outboard motors to propel cells forward.
What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in size?
Prokaryotes are extremely small (less than 2 micrometers in diameter) whereas eukaryotes are far larger (10-100 micrometers).
What are the other differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells with their DNA storage?
In eukaryotic cells DNA is linear and there is a nucleus present where the DNA is stored. Whereas, in prokaryotic cells the DNA is circular and there is no nucleus so it’s free in the cytoplasm.
