Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

TOS DevPsych > Module 21: Late Adulthood > Flashcards

Module 21: Late Adulthood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the stages of late adulthood?

A
  1. Young Old (60-75)
  2. Old-Old (75-85)
  3. Oldest Old (85 and older)
  4. Octogenarian (80s)
  5. Centenarian (Over 100 yrs old)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How can an optimistic view affect older adults?

A

The optimistic view of oldies seems to help protect older adults against the long-term effects of serious health threats like stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Frail Elderly

A

older adults who cannot care for themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the most common chronic health conditions during late adulthood?

A

Most common chronic health conditions: Hypertension, Arthritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What kind of twins are more similar in length of life?

A

Identical twins are more similar in length of life than fraternal twins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Who are the adults who are most likely to live longer?

A

Adults whose parents and grandparents were long lived are also likely to live longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the different theories of biological aging?

A
  1. Hayflick Limit
  2. Programmed Senescence Theory
  3. Endocrine Theory
  4. Immunological Theory
  5. Evolutionary Theory
  6. Variable-Rate Theories
  7. Wear-and-Tear Theory
  8. Free-Radical Theory
  9. Autoimmune Theory
  10. Cross-Linking Theory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hayflick Limit

A

+ cells simply lose their capacity to replicate themselves
+ Telomeres become shorter as the cell divides
+ cells can divide for no more than 50 times

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Programmed Senescence Theory

A

+ aging also may be influenced by specific genes “switching off” after age-related losses occur (Epigenesis)
+ age-related physical declines result from species-specific genes for aging
+ prevents older, presumably less fit from becoming parents at an age when they are unlikely to be able to raise offspring to maturity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Endocrine Theory

A

biological clocks act through hormones to control the pace of aging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Immunological Theory

A

programmed decline in immune system functions leads to increased vulnerability to infectious disease and thus to aging and death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Evolutionary Theory

A

Aging is an evolved trait thus genes that promote reproduction are selected at higher rates than genes that extend lives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Variable-Rate Theories

A

aging is the results of random processes that vary from person to person (Error theories)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Wear-and-Tear Theory

A

cells and tissues have vital parts that wear out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Free-Radical Theory

A

Accumulated damage from oxygen radicals causes cells and eventually organs to stop functioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Rate-of-Living Theory

A

the greater an organism’s rate of metabolism, the shorter its life span

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Autoimmune Theory

A

immune system becomes confused and attacks its own body cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cross-Linking Theory

A

+ occurs more often in cell proteins of older adults
+ undesirable chemical bonds form between proteins and fats which cannot assume the correct shape for proper function, leading to effects such as wrinkling of the skin and arterial rigidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the crowning achievement in late adulthood for Erik Erikson?

A

For Erik Erikson, the crowning achievement of late adulthood is Ego Integrity or integrity of the self–need to evaluate and accept their lives so as to accept death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the crisis in old age (65-older)?

A

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the virtue that develops when someone is successful in ego integrity vs. despair?

A

Wisdom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Wisdom

A

+ informed and detached concern with life itself in the face of death itself
+ Accepting one has lived, without major regrets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the maladaptive tendencies that may be experienced in late adulthood?

A
  1. Presumption
  2. Disdain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Presumption

A

presumes ego integrity without actually facing the difficulties of old age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Disdain
contempt of life, one’s own or anyone’s
26
Reminiscence
thinking about the past – necessary part of achieving ego integrity and thus an important aspect of old age and preparation for death
27
Life Review
evaluative process in which elders make judgments about their past behaviors
28
Activity Theory
+ psychologically and physically healthiest response to old age is to maintain the greatest possible level of activity and involvement in greatest possible number of roles + the more active older people are, the better they age
29
Disengagement Theory
+ aging has three aspects: shrinkage of life space, increased individuality, acceptance of these changes + normal part of aging involves gradual reduction in social involvement and greater preoccupation with the self
30
Continuity Theory
+ primary means by which elders adjust to aging is engaging in the same kinds of activities that interested and challenged them in their earlier years + people’s need to maintain connection between past and present is emphasized, and activity is viewed as important, not for its own sake but because it represents continuation of previous lifestyle
31
Selective Optimization with Compensation
+ involves developing abilities that allow for maximum gain as well as developing abilities that compensate for decline and could lead to loss + Older adults conserve resources by selecting meaningful goals, optimizing the resources they have to achieve it, and compensating for the losses by using resources in alternative ways to achieve their goals
32
What factor declines in late adulthood?
Stability declines in late adulthood
33
What personality traits increase in late adulthood?
Increases in agreeableness, self confidence, warmth, emotional stability, and conscientiousness
34
What personality traits decrease in late adulthood?
declines in neuroticism, social vitality, and openness to experience
35
Why do people show normative changes in personality characteristics?
Some researchers argue that these processes are driven primarily by intrinsic genetic differences between people that unfold over time
36
What do personality traits influence?
Personality traits influence behavior
37
What does behavior influence?
behavior influences health
38
Between older adults and younger adults, who are happier and more satisfied with life?
In general, older adults have fewer mental disorders and are happier and more satisfied with life than younger adults
39
As people get older, what do they tend to seek out?
As people get older, they tend to seek out activities and people that give them emotional gratification
40
What are older adults better at compared to younger adults?
They are also better at regulating emotions
41
Happiness in Adulthood
Happiness tends to be high in early adulthood, declines until people reach 50 years of age, and then tends to rise again until 85
42
What does dendritic loss contribute to?
Dendritic loss at the neuronal level clearly contributes substantially to the general slowing of health, with arthritic changes in joints and loss of elasticity in the muscles
43
Sleep Patterns in Old Age
+ There is a shift in sleep patterns in old age – they wake up more frequently in the night and decreased REM sleep + They are more likely to go to bed early and wake up early
44
Hunger Patterns in Old Age
Older adults may feel hungry all the time and may overeat
45
Why does loss of stamina appear in old age?
The loss of stamina clearly arises in large part from changes in the cardiovascular system
46
Loss of Balance
Gradual loss of the sense of balance, which is at least partly attributable to the effects of aging on white matter in the parts of the brain that control balance and motor function
47
What do older adults tend to have difficulty in?
Older adults also tend to have more difficulty with switching attention
48
Sensory Memory
brief storage of sensory information
49
Working Memory
short-term storage of information being actively process
50
Tasks in Late Adulthood
+ Tasks that require only rehearsal, show a little decline + Tasks that requires reorganization or elaboration show greater falloff
51
Episodic Memory
linked to specific events; most likely to deteriorate with age
52
Semantic Memory
consists of meanings, facts, and concepts accumulated over lifetime learning; little decline
53
Procedural Memory
motor skills and habits that once learned; relatively unaffected by age
54
Language Problems in Late Adulthood
Language problems are probably results of the problems accessing and retrieving information from the memory
55
What can dysfunction in frontal lobes and hippocampus cause?
Dysfunction in frontal lobes and hippocampus may cause false memories
56
What do older adults have difficulty in when it comes to memories?
Older adults seems to have difficulty encoding new episodic memories because of difficulties in forming and later recalling a coherent and cohesive episode
57
What deteriorates in memories in late adulthood?
Storage also deteriorate to the point retrieval becomes difficult
58
Retirement
Retirement is a single event but a dynamic adjustment process that is best conceptualized as a form of decision making
59
What are the five broad categories of resources that help determine how well a person adjusts to retirement?
1. Individual attributes such as health and financial status 2. Pre-retirement job-related variables such as job stress 3. Family-related variables such as marriage quality and dependents 4. Retirement transition-related variables 5. Postretirement activities
60
Volunteering
Volunteering during retirement has been positively associated with good health and negatively associated with depression, functional limitations, and mortality
61
Aging In Place
staying in their own home
62
Group living arrangements for Older Adults
1. Retirement Hotel 2. Retirement Community 3. Shared Housing 4. ECHO (Elder Cottage Housing Opportunity) Housing 5. Congregate Housing 6. Assisted-Living Facility 7. Foster-Care Home 8. Continuing Care Retirement Community

TOS DevPsych (35 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions