Module 14: Critical Issues during Prenatal Development Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
What are the chromosomal abnormalities that may develop during prenatal development?
A
- Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
- Klinefelter Syndrome
- Fragile X Syndrome
- Turner Syndrome (Monosomy X)
- XYY Syndrome (Jacob’s Syndrome)
- Edward’s Syndrome (Trisomy 18)
- Patau’s Syndrome (Trisomy 13)
2
Q
Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
A
Extra copy of chromosome 21
3
Q
Klinefelter Syndrome
A
Extra X Chromosome (XXY)
4
Q
Fragile X Syndrome
A
Abnormality in X chromosome causes ID
5
Q
Turner Syndrome (Monosomy X)
A
Missing X chromosome for females
6
Q
XYY Syndrome (Jacob’s Syndrome)
A
Extra Y chromosome
7
Q
Edward’s Syndrome (Trisomy 18)
A
Extra copy of chromosome 18
8
Q
Patau’s Syndrome (Trisomy 13)
A
Extra copy of chromosome 13
9
Q
Treatment of Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
A
Surgery, SPED
10
Q
Treatment of Klinefelter Syndrome
A
Hormone Therapy
11
Q
Treatment of Fragile X Syndrome
A
SPED, Speech Therapy
12
Q
Treatment of Turner Syndrome (Monosomy X)
A
Hormone Therapy
13
Q
Treatment of XYY Syndrome (Jacob’s Syndrome)
A
no treatment
14
Q
Treatment of Edward’s Syndrome (Trisomy 18)
A
no treatment
15
Q
Treatment of Patau’s Syndrome (Trisomy 13)
A
no treatment
16
Q
What are the gene-linked abnormalities that can occur during prenatal development?
A
- Cystic Fibrosis
- Diabetes
- Hemophilia
- Huntington’s
- Phenylketonuria
- Sickle-Cell Anemia
- Spina Bifida
- Tay-Sachs Disease
- Anencephaly
- Polycystic Kidney Disease
- Alpha antitrypsin Deficiency
- Alpha Thalassemia
- Beta Thalassemia (Cooley’s Anemia)
- Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
17
Q
Cystic Fibrosis
A
Overproduction of mucus in the lungs and digestive tract
18
Q
Diabetes
A
Does not produce enough insulin
19
Q
Hemophilia
A
Delayed blood clotting
20
Q
Huntington’s
A
CNS deteriorates producing problem in muscles and mental decline
21
Q
Phenylketonuria
A
Build up of Phenylalanine in the body
22
Q
Sickle-Cell Anemia
A
Limits body oxygen supply
23
Q
Spina Bifida
A
Incompletely closed spinal canal
24
Q
Tay-Sachs Disease
A
Accumulation of lipids in the NS
25
Anencephaly
Absence of brain tissue
26
Polycystic Kidney Disease
Enlarged Kidneys
27
Alpha antitrypsin Deficiency
Cirrhosis of the liver in early infancy
28
Alpha Thalassemia
Severe Anemia; nearly all die soon after birth
29
Beta Thalassemia (Cooley’s Anemia)
Severe Anemia; fatal in adolescence or Young adulthood
30
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Males with muscle weakness, minor mental retardation
31
Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis
Physical Therapy
32
Treatment of Diabetes
Insulin
33
Treatment of Hemophilia
Blood transfusions
34
Treatment of Huntington's
no treatment
35
Treatment of Phenylketonuria
Special Diet
36
Treatment of Sickle-Cell Anemia
Penicillin, Antibiotics, Pain Reliever
37
Treatment of Spina Bifida
Surgery
38
Treatment of Tay-Sachs Disease
Medication, Special Diet
39
Treatment of Anencephaly
no treatment
40
Treatment of Polycystic Kidney Disease
Kidney Transplant
41
Treatment of Alpha antitrypsin Deficiency
No treatment
42
Treatment of Alpha Thalassemia
Frequent Blood Transfusion
43
Treatment of Beta Thalassemia (Cooley’s Anemia)
Blood Transfusions
44
Treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
no treatment
45
Anoxia
oxygen shortage
46
What are some reasons that could cause anoxia?
+ Could be umbilical cord becomes pinched or tangled at birth
+ Could also be the position during birth (breech position)
47
What could anoxia cause?
+ Can initially cause poor reflexes, seizures, heart rate irregularities, and breathing difficulties
+ Can also lead so Cerebral Palsy
48
Cerebral Palsy
difficulty controlling muscle movements
49
What increased risks may individuals with anoxia face?
Increases the risk of learning or intellectual disabilities and speech difficulties
50
Low Birth Weight Infants
weigh less than 5 pounds and 8 ounces at birth
51
Very Low birth Weight
less than 3 pounds 4 ounces
52
Extremely Low Birth
less than 2 pounds
53
Pre-term Infants
born three weeks or more before pregnancy reach full term (before the completion of 37 weeks of gestation)
54
Small for Date Infants (Small for Gestational Age Infants)
those whose birth weight is below normal when the length of pregnancy is considered
55
Progestin
might help in reducing preterm birth
56
Extremely Preterm
born less than 28 weeks gestation
57
Very Preterm
less than 33 weeks
58
Kangaroo Care
involves skin-to-skin contact in which the baby, wearing only diaper, is held upright against the parent’s bare chest to help stabilize the preterm’s heartbeat, temp, and breathing
59
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A condition commonly faced by preterm babies wherein there is a lack of surfactant (lung-coating substance) that keeps air sacs from collapsing
60
Postmature Babies
tend to be long and this because they have kept growing in the womb but have had an insufficient blood supply toward the end of gestation
61
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
crib death; sudden death of an infant under age 1 which cause of death remains unexplained
62
Miscarriages
+ short-lived pregnancies
+ expulsion from the uterus of an embryo that is unable to survive outside the womb
+ also known as Spontaneous Abortion
+ Less than 20 weeks
63
Stillbirth
miscarriage occurred after 20 weeks of gestation (approx. 5 months)
64
Between males and females who are the most likely to be spontaneously aborted or to be stillborn?
Males are more likely to be spontaneously aborted or to be stillborn
65
Teratogen
environmental agent that can interfere with normal prenatal development
66
At what stage of prenatal development are the effects of teratogen worst?
Effects are worst during the critical period, when the organs are developing rapidly
67
What happens when the level of exposure to teratogen is high?
The greater the level of exposure and the longer the exposure to teratogen, the more likely it is that serious damage will occur
68
What is one's susceptibility to harm influenced by?
Susceptibility to harm is influenced by unborn child’s and mother’s genetic makeup
69
What do the effects of teratogen depend on?
The effects of teratogen depend on the quality of both the prenatal and the postnatal environment
70
Teratology
field of study that investigates the causes of birth defects
71
Critical Period
a time during which the developing organism is specially sensitive to environmental influences, positive or negative
72
What is the weight of women who are less likely to have birth complications?
Women of normal weight are less likely to have birth complications
73
What are overweight women at risk for in terms of birth?
Overweight women have risk of having longer deliveries, need more health care services, gestational diabetes, cesarean delivery, birth defects, etc.
74
What nutrients are important for the development of the nervous system?
Omega-E, DHA, Folic Acid for the development of nervous system
75
What is recommended to reduce back pain for pregnant women?
Moderate exercise is recommended to reduce back pain, risks for gestational diabetes and etc.
76
Spina Bifida
+ neural tube fails to close, part of the spinal cord is not fully encased in the protective covering of the spinal column
+ neurological problems
77
Anencephaly
lethal defect in which main portion of the brain above the brain stem failed to develop
+
78
When do neural tube defects occur?
Neural tube defects occur 25-29 days after conception and more common due to deficient in folic acid
79
Thalidomide
+ used to relieve morning sickness
+ caused stunted limbs, facial deformities, and defective organs
+ treatment for AIDS, tuberculosis, and cancer
80
Tobacco
+ higher risks of miscarriage, prematurity, low birth weight, cleft lips, and cleft palates
+ restricts blood flow to the fetus which reduces the levels of growth factors, oxygen, and nutrients that reach the fetus
+ CNS impairment
+ infants are more irritable and score lower on standard assessments of behavioral functioning
+ higher risks of respiratory infections and breathing difficulties
+ higher risk for SIDS
+ mild cognitive difficulties and to conduct and behavior problems
81
What is the most important factor for low-birth weight babies?
Maternal smoking was identified to be the most important factor for low-birth weight babies
82
Alcohol
+ disrupt hormone functions of the placenta
+ disrupts the normal process of neuronal migration, leading to several outcomes depending on the severity of the effects
+ high risks in CNS damage
83
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
characterized by a combination of retarded growth, face and body malformations, and disorders of the central nervous system
84
What are children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) like?
FAS children are smaller and lighter than normal and their physical growth lags behind
85
What do children who were prenatally exposed with alcohol but do not have FAS experience?
Children who were exposed prenatally with alcohol but do not have FAS experience Fetal Alcohol Effects or Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder
86
Cocaine
causes spontaneous abortion and premature detachment of the placenta
87
What does cocaine contribute to?
Contributes to fetal malnourishment, retarded growth, and low birth weight
88
What kind of deficits does cocaine produce?
Deficits on several measures of information-processing and sensory motor skills
89
What are opioids associated with?
Opioids are associated with small babies, fetal death, preterm labor, and aspiration of meconium
90
What do babies born with drug-addicted mothers tend to experience?
Babies born with drug-addicted mothers tend to experience withdrawal once they are born and no longer receive drugs
91
Neonate Abstinence Syndrome
sleep disturbance, tremors, difficulty regulating the body, irritability, crying etc.
92
What risks does caffeine give?
Caffeine has slightly increased risk for miscarriage, stillbirth, and low birth weight babies
93
What can rubella cause in babies?
Rubella almost certain to cause deafness and heart defects to babies
94
Toxoplasmosis
caused by parasite in the bodies of cattle, sheep, and pigs, and in the intestinal tracts of cats that causes fetal brain damage, severely impaired eyesight, seizures, miscarriage, etc.
95
What kind of babies are diabetic mothers most likely to have?
Diabetic mothers are most likely to have babies that have heart and neural tube defects
96
What kind of babies are stress and anxiety associated with?
Stress and anxiety have been associated with more irritable and active temperament in newborns
97
What can chronic stress result in for pregnant women?
Chronic stress can result in preterm delivery
98
What can depression in pregnant women result into?
Depression may cause premature birth or developmental delays
99
Is the chance of miscarriage/stillbirth directly or indirectly proportionate with maternal age?
Directly proportionate. Chance of miscarriage or stillbirth rises with maternal age
100
What kind of babies are adolescent mothers most likely to have?
Adolescent Mothers tend to have premature or underweight babies
101
What other chemicals can affect prenatal development of babies?
Includes air pollution, radiation, chemicals
102
What may fetal exposure to a low level of environmental toxins do to a baby?
Fetal exposure to low level of environmental toxins may result to asthma, allergies, lupus
103
What risks do X-rays carry for babies?
X-Rays could triple the risk of having full term, low- birth weight babies
104
What does exposure to lead, marijuana, tobacco, radiation, pesticides, etc. result into for men?
Exposure to lead, marijuana, tobacco, radiation, pesticides, etc. may result in abnormal or poor quality sperm
105
How can fathers who have had diagnostic x-rays within the year prior to conception and have a high lead exposure at work affect prenatal development in their children?
Babies who fathers had diagnostic x-rays within the year prior to conception or had a high lead exposure at work tends to have low birth weight and slowed fetal growth
106
What can exposure to mercury cause?
Exposure to Mercury could cause blindness
107
What kind of risks do older fathers pose for their newborn children?
Older fathers may be significant source of birth defects due to damaged or deteriorated sperm such as dwarfism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, ASD
108
Prenatal cell-free DNA Scans
fetal DNA is extracted from the mother’s blood and tested for early detection of genetic problems
109
Infertility
not being able to get pregnant even after a year of trying
110
What other drugs are harmful for pregnant women?
Another set of drugs that are harmful for pregnant women: Antibiotics, certain Barbiturates, Opiates, Acutane
